Convallaria majalis

A small perennial of Asparagaceae (older Liliaceæ). The plant contains cardiac glycosides—notably convallatoxin—that, in crude form, slow and strengthen systole but readily provoke nausea, vomiting, headache, brady-arrhythmias, and collapse in overdose ([Toxicology]). These pharmacodynamics parallel the homœopathic picture of heart insufficiency, dilated, laboring heart, dyspnœa on the least exertion, dropsy, and cardiac asthma, with reflex gastric irritability and head heaviness. Mother tincture is prepared from the fresh herb in flower; triturations and potencies are made therefrom. [Hughes], [Clarke], [Allen], [Boericke]

Our knowledge derives from Hale’s New-Remedy provings/clinical series and collations by Allen, Hering, Clarke, with abundant [Clinical] confirmations: breathlessness on the slightest exertion, cannot lie down for fear of suffocation, irregular weak pulse, dilated heart, ankle œdema, palpitation with uterine disorders/pregnancy, and scanty urine in cardiac failure. [Hale], [Allen], [Hering], [Clarke], [Boericke]

The essence of Convallaria is the labouring, dilated heart that fails under effort, compelling the patient to economise breath and seek air. The picture is remarkably physiologic: the myocardium is unequal to demand; systole is weak, rhythm irregular; venous beds engorge and serous spaces fill. The body responds with orthopnœa—cannot lie down—and a visceral programme of silence, stillness, and cool air to reduce oxygen cost (Essence ↔ 10a rest/cool air; Respiration/Heart). Warm, close rooms, stair-climbing, after meals, and emotion push the system into air-hunger, epigastric sinking, and palpitations felt as missed beats or shocks in the precordia; open windows, propped posture, and small cold sips rapidly curtail the storm (Essence ↔ Modalities) [Clarke], [Boericke], [Hale].

A second axis is cardio-gastric: the stomach speaks for the heart—nausea, retching, distension, and a stone-like weight after eating mirror the systolic struggle; the “sinking at epigastrium” times a rhythm lapse (Essence ↔ Stomach/Heart) [Hughes], [Allen]. Third, the dropsical tendency—ankle oedema, puffy lids, scant urine—marks sycotic retention layered upon syphilitic failure; diuresis returns as myocardial efficiency rises, and the patient breathes again (Essence ↔ Urinary/Extremities). Psychologically, this is not a grand anxiogenic remedy (contrast Arsenicum); the fear is practical and situational: suffocation in bed, stairs, crowds, warm rooms. He becomes briefly taciturn, conserving air; cheer returns with ventilation and a steadier beat (Essence ↔ Mind/Sleep). Among congeners, Digitalis sinks to bradycardia and death-fear; Cactus clamps with iron band; Strophanthus and Adonis tone a flabby heart; Crataegus rebuilds after crisis; Convallaria excels in the crisis of effort dyspnœa, orthopnœa, weight at heart, and gastric accompaniment, especially in women whose heart labours under pregnancy or menses (Essence ↔ Female/Heart) [Farrington], [Clarke], [Boericke].

Practical care matches the essence: air the room; prop the patient; schedule small, frequent, non-greasy meals; avoid late suppers, alcohol, coffee, tobacco; and let speech be brief during recovery. Prognosis reads in later onset of nightly dyspnœa, longer conversation without panting, flatter sleep tolerated, steady pulse without epigastric sinking, and the ankle pit that at last does not form. [Clarke], [Hale], [Boger], [Boericke], [Farrington]

• Myocardium (systolic failure). Strengthens but reveals exhausted muscle—weak, irregular, sometimes intermittent pulse; dilated heart with precordial oppression and air-hunger on the least exertion. See Heart/Respiration/Generalities. [Boericke], [Clarke], [Hale]
• Conduction system. Auriculo-ventricular delay or extra-systoles with sinking at epigastrium; symptoms oscillate with posture and effort. See Heart/Sleep. [Hughes], [Allen]
• Coronary & anginal sphere. Anginal oppression with pain radiating to left arm/jaw, often in anæmic or valvular subjects; better absolute rest, worse climbing, close rooms. See Chest/Respiration. [Clarke], [Farrington]
• Lungs (cardiac asthma/pulmonary congestion). Orthopnœa, cough from serous engorgement; cannot lie down; cyanosis about lips. See Respiration/Chest. [Hering], [Boericke]
• Serous tissues—dropsy. Ankles, feet, and eyelids œdematous; ascites/anasarca of cardiac origin; urine scanty. See Extremities/Urinary/Skin. [Clarke], [Boger]
• Vagus–solar plexus (cardio-gastric reflex). Nausea and vomiting accompany palpitations; epigastric sinking signals rhythm lapses. See Stomach/Heart. [Hughes], [Allen]
• Uterus–heart axis. Palpitation and dyspnœa during pregnancy, menses, or uterine displacement; the heart labours with pelvic engorgement. See Female/Heart. [Clarke], [Hale]
• Cerebral circulation. Vertigo on rising or stooping, head heaviness in warm rooms during heart struggle; relief with air and rest. See Head/Generalities. [Allen], [Clarke]
• Kidney (secondary). Scanty, dark, sometimes albuminous urine in cardiac failure; diuresis follows cardiac improvement. See Urinary. [Clarke], [Boericke]
• Peripheral veins. Cold, bluish extremities, empty veins, weak return; cramps of calves at night in heart patients. See Extremities/Sleep. [Boger], [Boericke]

The mental state is dominated by cardiac apprehension—a practical fear of suffocation and of the heart failing with the least effort rather than metaphysical dread, and it intensifies in warm, close rooms (Mind ↔ 10b warm rooms; Respiration) [Clarke], [Boericke]. Patients grow silent, economising breath; they avoid speaking during palpitations (Mind ↔ 10a quiet) [Allen]. Anxiety peaks after lying down, when an inner “drop” or intermission of the pulse is felt at the epigastrium (Mind ↔ Heart/Stomach) [Hughes]. Confidence returns rapidly when seated by an open window, consonant with the cool-air amelioration (Mind ↔ 10a) [Clarke]. Irritability comes with interruption of sleep and with enforced stair-climbing; the patient dreads crowds and close rooms (Mind ↔ 10b exertion/warm rooms) [Boger]. There is indifference to conversation during attacks and a wish to be undisturbed (Mind ↔ Sleep/Generalities). Some describe despondency about the “weak heart,” lifting as diuresis begins and ankles lighten—clinical barometer of the remedy’s action (Mind ↔ Urinary/Extremities) [Clarke]. Emotional triggers—fright, joy, grief—may precipitate spells, echoing vagal–cardiac lability (Mind ↔ 10b emotion) [Kent]. Improvement is signalled by longer speech without dyspnœa, freer lying, and tolerance of company/air without anxiety spikes. [Clarke], [Hale], [Allen]

Sleep is broken by orthopnœa; the patient drops off half-sitting, then starts with suffocation and must raise the window (Sleep ↔ 10b lying; 10a cool air) [Hering], [Clarke]. First sleep brings the worst attack; after 2–3 a.m. he dozes sitting up. Dreams of climbing, crowds, or drowning mirror the heart’s effort; snoring from open mouth occurs when propped. Daytime drowsiness follows night-watching; midday nap (semi-recumbent) is refreshing (Sleep ↔ 10a). Improvement is clear when the patient can lie flat for minutes without suffocation and wakes calm. [Clarke], [Boericke]

Dreams of smothering, narrow places, or rapid ascent; of trains missed from hurrying; panic resolves on waking to air (Dreams ↔ Respiration/10a). As the heart steadies, dreams become neutral and sleep continuous. [Clarke]

A remedy of effort intolerance and air-hunger from failing heart. Worse from least exertion, lying down, warm, close rooms, after meals, emotion, tight clothing, night watching, menstrual/pregnancy strain; better sitting propped, in cool fresh air, with silence, small cold sips, loosened clothing, after stool or diuresis begins (Generalities ↔ Modalities) [Clarke], [Boericke], [Hale]. Cure reads in longer speech and steps without breathlessness, steady pulse without epigastric sinking, ability to lie flatter, ankle oedema receding, and brighter urine. [Clarke], [Farrington], [Boger]

Low-grade evening heat with flushed face during congestion; chill from slight draughts in exhausted states; sweat with palpitations confers little relief (Fever ↔ Generalities). [Allen], [Clarke]

Warm rooms bring heat of face and breathlessness; cool air chills the skin yet relieves chest (Chill/Heat ↔ Modalities). Cold sweat on forehead at height of dyspnœa; night sweats in cardiac weakness. [Boericke], [Clarke]

Heaviness, fullness, and vertigo accompany heart struggle; stooping or sudden rising induces a rush and blackness before eyes (Head ↔ 10b stooping/rising) [Allen]. Throbbing temples in close rooms correspond to the air-hunger; open air clears the head (Head ↔ 10a cool air) [Clarke]. Headache follows palpitation after meals, particularly late suppers (Head ↔ Stomach/10b after meals) [Dewey]. The face grows pale or dusky during orthopnœa and brightens as the pulse steadies. Unlike Glonoine (sun <, bursting), Convallaria’s head is secondary to the heart. Digitalis shares vertigo but has a slow, very weak pulse and great death-fear; Conv. is more oppressive with labouring systole. [Farrington], [Clarke], [Boericke]

Dimness on rising, black spots, and photopsia during palpitations; lids puffy in dropsical states (Eyes ↔ Urinary/Extremities) [Clarke]. Vision clears with rest and air. No primary ophthalmia; signs are circulatory. [Allen], [Boericke]

Humming and roaring in ears with rush to head and cardiac intermissions; better cool air. No chronic ear disease; symptoms mirror vascular instability. [Allen], [Clarke]

Nasal stuffiness in close rooms; cyanotic alæ in cardiac asthma; occasional epistaxis in congestive subjects relieves head (Nose ↔ Chest/Head). [Clarke]

Dusky pallor or bluish lips during dyspnœa; puffy eyelids with dropsy; sweat on face with palpitations (Face ↔ Respiration/Urinary). Colour returns with air and rest. [Clarke], [Boericke]

Dry mouth yet little thirst during orthopnœa; tongue coated with gastric irritability; bitter taste after palpitation. Saliva may accumulate just before retching in cardiac asthma. [Allen], [Clarke], [Hale]

No leading picture; toothache may appear from face congestion after meals; jaw tired from nocturnal mouth-breathing in orthopnœa. [Allen]

Tightness across suprasternal notch during heart oppression; hawking of mucus without bronchitis; globus during anxiety in close rooms—subsides with air (Throat ↔ 10a). [Clarke]

Precordial oppression “as if a weight lay on the heart,” radiation to left arm/jaw, palpitation audible to the patient; cannot lie down; must sit up and hold the chest (Chest ↔ 10a rest; 10b lying) [Clarke], [Boericke]. Warm rooms and after meals increase distress, air relieves (Chest ↔ Modalities). Cough may be dry, teasing, from pulmonary engorgement; sputum scant unless bronchitis supervenes. [Hering], [Allen]

Centre of action. Dilated, labouring heart; systole weak; pulse irregular, intermittent, sometimes rapid–weak; sense that one beat fails followed by a sinking (Heart ↔ 9 Affinity) [Boericke], [Allen]. Angina with left arm pains in anaemic/valvular persons; exertion, emotion, and warmth worse; rest, air, silence better (Heart ↔ 10a/10b) [Clarke], [Farrington]. Shocks in precordia, palpitations on slight effort or conversation; secondary syncope rare but threatened. Compare Digitalis (very slow, feeble pulse, blue face, great fear) and Cactus (iron band constriction) — Conv. shows effort dyspnœa with orthopnœa and gastric accompaniment. [Clarke], [Boericke], [Farrington]

Orthopnœa; cannot lie down for suffocation; worse in warm, stuffy rooms and after meals; better by open window, cool air, quiet breathing (Respiration ↔ Modalities/Chest) [Clarke], [Hering]. Cardiac asthma with paroxysmal night attacks; the patient sits up, bends forward, and dreads speech that quickens breath. Sighing or yawning seeks more air; cyanosis about lips clears with air. [Boericke], [Allen]

Strong cardio-gastric link: nausea, retching, or vomiting attend palpitations; a sinking at epigastrium announces intermission or weak beat (Stomach ↔ Heart) [Hughes], [Allen]. After meals—especially late or rich—there is distension, eructation, and oppression of the heart (Stomach ↔ 10b after meals; Chest) [Clarke], [Dewey]. Small, cold sips steady the wave (Stomach ↔ 10a). Appetite is capricious, often poor in the evening for fear of night dyspnœa; large draughts or alcohol aggravate. [Hale], [Clarke]

Flatulence embarrasses the heart; abdomen feels full and tight after meals; ascites occurs in advanced dropsy (Abdomen ↔ Urinary/Generalities). Relief follows eructation or stool. Hepatic edge dull with venous stasis. [Clarke], [Boericke]

Constipation common in sedentary cardiac patients; straining raises palpitation; stool relieves head and chest for a time (Rectum ↔ 10a after stool). Hæmorrhoids occasionally swell with venous congestion. [Clarke]

Urine scanty, high-coloured, sometimes albuminous in cardiac failure; diuresis returns as the heart steadies (Urinary ↔ 10a after urination) [Clarke], [Boericke]. Night urination aggravates fatigue; oedema of ankles softens as urine increases. Differential: Apocynum (profuse urine when it comes; general watery states) vs Conv. where heart is central. [Farrington], [Boericke]

After meals worse—especially late or heavy suppers; flatulence distends and embarrasses the heart (Food ↔ 10b) [Clarke], [Dewey]. Desires small cold sips; alcohol, coffee, tobacco worse in sensitive hearts (Food ↔ 10b). Appetite capricious; salt craving appears in dropsical states but is better regulated. [Hale], [Clarke]

Sexual exertion precipitates palpitation; impotence may follow cardiac weakness. Desire low with fatigue; nocturnal emissions may leave air-hunger next day in sensitive subjects—select by heart axis. [Clarke]

Palpitation and dyspnœa in pregnancy, during menses, or with prolapse/displacement; cannot lie down at night; ankles swell by evening (Female ↔ 10b pregnancy/menses; Heart) [Clarke], [Hale]. Labouring heart in anaemic young women with faintness and short breath on stairs calls for Conv. over Ferrum when pulse irregular and precordial weight dominate. [Farrington]

Between scapulæ aching in angina; dorsal heaviness on exertion; sacral weariness in dropsical states. Support to shoulders and head enables rest (Back ↔ 10a). [Clarke], [Farrington]

Cold, bluish hands and feet; œdema about ankles—pits on pressure—worse evening, better night diuresis (Extremities ↔ Urinary/10a) [Clarke], [Boericke]. Cramps in calves and soles at night with weak circulation; numbness of left arm in angina. Climbing stairs causes thigh fatigue disproportionate to effort. [Allen], [Farrington]

Puffy, shiny in dropsical states; cold sweat on face/chest with palpitation; cyanotic tinge at lips and nails in cardiac asthma (Skin ↔ Heart/Respiration). No special eruptions proved. [Clarke], [Boericke]

Myocardial weakness / dilatation

• Digitalis — Very slow, feeble, irregular pulse; great death-fear; bluish face; often must lie on left quietly. Conv.: effort dyspnœa, orthopnœa, more oppressive weight, cool air >, less sheer bradycardia. [Clarke], [Farrington], [Boericke]
• Crataegus — Tonic to myocardium with insomnia, nervous dyspepsia; lacks orthopnœa keynote. Use Crataegus to consolidate after Conv. clears acute effort-dyspnœa. [Clarke], [Farrington]
• Strophanthus — Weak heart with emaciation, diarrhœa, and tobacco intolerance; less anginal weight; stool and urine more active. Conv.: more oppression/orthopnœa. [Hale], [Clarke]
• Adonis vernalis — Low-tension pulse, dropsy, renal element; gastric less; Conv. has stronger cardio-gastric link. [Farrington]

Angina / precordial constriction

• Cactus grandiflorus — Iron band constriction; squeezing pains; haemorrhoidal temperament. Conv.: weight/oppression with orthopnœa, cool air >. [Clarke], [Farrington]
• Spigelia — Stitching points, left-sided, worse motion, often neuralgic; eye involvement. Conv.: less stitching, more sinking and labour. [Farrington], [Boger]
• Aurum — Hypertensive, sclerotic angina with melancholy; Conv. is cardiac failure with effort dyspnœa. [Kent], [Clarke]

Cardiac asthma / orthopnœa

• Arsenicum album — Great anxiety, restless despite weakness; burning; wants heat and sips. Conv. wants cool air, silence, rest, less anxiety. [Farrington], [Clarke]
• Laurocerasus — Cyanosis, coldness, gasps, desire for air, but with nervous collapse. Conv. maintains labouring heart and gastric link. [Clarke]
• Ammonium carb. — Obesity, 3 a.m. dyspnœa, worse lying; less cardiac lesion. Conv.: overt heart insufficiency. [Boger]

Dropsy (cardiac)

• Apocynum cannabinum — Dropsies with profuse urine once it starts; chilly; gastro-intestinal irritability primary. Conv.: heart-first, orthopnœa, diuresis follows cardiac relief. [Farrington], [Boericke]
• Helleborus — Pale, cold, hydrocephalic/serous states with mental dulness; heart less central. [Clarke]

Cardio-gastric reflex

• Nux vomica — Gastric–cardiac from overindulgence; irritable, chilly, spasmodic; less orthopnœa. Conv.: sinking at epigastrium synchronised with pulse. [Farrington], [Clarke]
• Tabacum — Sinking with cold sweat, deathly nausea; collapse; pulse thread-like. Conv.: not collapse but laboured heart with nausea. [Hughes], [Clarke]

Female heart

• Lilium tigrinum — Pelvic congestion, heart flutter with irritability and bearing-down; less true cardiac failure. Conv.: effort-dyspnœa in pregnancy/menses. [Clarke], [Farrington]
• Kalmia — Shooting pains from heart to left arm, slow pulse; rheumatic history. Conv.: oppression with weak pulse and dropsy. [Boger], [Farrington]

• Complementary: Crataegus — strengthens myocardium and sleep after Conv. has relieved orthopnœa. [Clarke], [Farrington]
• Complementary: Apocynum cann. — assists dropsy once cardiac action steadies. [Boericke], [Farrington]
• Complementary: Cactus grand. — addresses persistent constriction after oppression lessens. [Clarke]
• Follows well: Digitalis — when digitalis has steadied rate but gastric intolerance ensues; Conv. maintains heart with less gastric distress (clinical tradition). [Clarke], [Hughes]
• Follows well: Naja — if valvular murmurs persist with effort dyspnœa and oppressed chest. [Farrington]
• Precedes well: Strophanthus — for rehabilitation of tone and exercise tolerance. [Hale], [Clarke]
• Precedes well: Arsenicum — if cardiac asthma retains anxious restlessness despite relief of oppression. [Farrington]
• Related/Compare: Adonis, Laurocerasus, Aurum, Spigelia, Kalmia, Iberis amara (cardiac stimulant). [Clarke], [Boger]
• Antidotes (practical): Nux for gastric aggravation from dosing; Camphora in impending collapse (traditional). [Hughes], [Dewey]
• Inimical: None fixed; avoid routine alternation with Digitalis/Strophanthus without clear indication shift. [Kent]

• Orthopnœa with weak, irregular pulse; effort dyspnœa; ankle oedema. Conv. 3x–6x or 6C–30C q4–6h in the acute window; prop, ventilate, silence, small cold sips; space/stop promptly as breath eases and urine increases. [Boericke], [Clarke], [Hale]
• Anginal oppression (weight on heart) in anæmic/valvular subjects; warm rooms and stairs <; air and rest >. Prefer 30C p.r.n. with strict after-meal moderation and open windows. [Clarke], [Farrington]
• Pregnancy heart (palpitation, orthopnœa, ankle swelling). 6C–12C once or twice daily while regulating rest, salt, fluids, and stair exposure. [Clarke], [Hale]

Case pearls (one-liners):
• Widow, 62, cannot lie down; ankles pit; pulse irregular—Conv. 3x q6h + open window: slept propped; on day 3 ankles softer, urine freer, could lie flatter. [Clarke], [Boericke]
• Shopgirl, stairs bring choking; warm room worse; left-arm ache after meals → Conv. 30C p.r.n.; ate early, walked level in cool air; anginal weight ceased in a week. [Farrington], [Clarke]
• Primigravida with nightly orthopnœa, ankles thick: Conv. 12C q.d. + regimen; could sleep on two pillows, swelling receded by fortnight. [Hale]

Mind

• Anxiety of suffocation in warm, close room. Practical, situational fear. [Clarke]
• Aversion to talking during palpitation. Conserves breath. [Allen]
• Fear on lying down at night—heart will fail. Orthopnœa cue. [Hering]
• Desire for open window; better air. Management key. [Clarke]
• Aggravation from emotion (joy, fright, grief). Trigger rubric. [Kent]
• Irritable when forced to hurry or climb. Effort sign. [Clarke]

Head

• Vertigo on rising or stooping, with rush to head. Postural cardiac sign. [Allen]
• Headache after meals with palpitation. Cardio-gastric link. [Clarke], [Dewey]
• Heaviness and fullness in close room; air >. Environment matches. [Clarke]
• Blackness before eyes on exertion. Low output marker. [Allen]
• Face pale or dusky during dyspnœa. External barometer. [Clarke]
• Sweat on face with palpitation. Autonomic clue. [Boericke]

Chest / Heart / Respiration

• Orthopnœa; cannot lie down for fear of suffocation. Central keynote. [Hering], [Clarke]
• Palpitation on least exertion or talking. Effort intolerance. [Boericke], [Allen]
• Pulse irregular, intermittent, weak. Conduction/myocardial sign. [Allen], [Clarke]
• Oppression, weight at heart, radiating to left arm. Anginal type. [Clarke]
• Warm, close room aggravates; cool air ameliorates. Master modalities. [Clarke], [Boger]
• Epigastric sinking with missed beat. Cardio-gastric valve. [Hughes], [Allen]

Stomach / Abdomen

• Nausea and vomiting with palpitations. Reflex hallmark. [Hughes]
• After meals aggravation, especially late supper. Practical rule. [Clarke], [Dewey]
• Flatulence embarrasses heart; eructation relieves. Mechanical link. [Clarke]
• Abdominal fullness with cardiac dropsy. Terrain. [Boericke]
• Desire for small cold sips. Coping measure. [Hale]
• Alcohol/coffee/tobacco aggravate heart. Lifestyle rubric. [Hale], [Clarke]

Urinary

• Urine scanty in cardiac failure; albuminous. Secondary kidney. [Clarke]
• Diuresis returns as breathing eases. Prognostic sign. [Boericke]
• Night urination fatigues; day drowsiness. Sleep impact. [Clarke]
• Oedema ankles with scant urine. Dropsy link. [Clarke]
• Pressure marks (pitting). Objective rubric. [Boericke]
• Better after passing urine (breathing freer). Clinical note. [Clarke]

Extremities

• Oedema of ankles, pits on pressure; evening worse. Cardiac dropsy. [Clarke]
• Cold, bluish hands and feet. Low output. [Boericke]
• Cramps in calves at night. Poor return. [Boger]
• Numbness left arm with heart oppression. Anginal companion. [Farrington]
• Fatigue on climbing stairs disproportionate to effort. Effort test. [Clarke]
• Needs support to shoulders and head to rest. Position rubric. [Clarke]

Sleep / Generalities

• First sleep broken by suffocation; must sit up. Night pattern. [Hering]
• Better sitting propped; head high. Posture law. [Clarke]
• Warm room aggravates all; open window >. Environmental master. [Clarke], [Boger]
• Least exertion aggravates; silence and rest ameliorate. Energy economy. [Allen]
• After meals worse; small, frequent feeding better. Regimen. [Dewey]
• Tight clothing aggravates; loosen clothing better. Mechanical aid. [Clarke]

M. Hale — New Remedies: Clinical and Pharmacological (1864–1891): proving/clinical—effort dyspnœa, orthopnœa, cardio-gastric link, pregnancy heart; dosing traditions.
T. F. Allen — Encyclopædia of Pure Materia Medica (1874–79): collated symptoms—irregular/intermittent pulse, vertigo on stooping/rising, epigastric sinking, nausea with palpitations.
Constantine Hering — The Guiding Symptoms of Our Materia Medica (1879): confirmations—orthopnœa, cannot lie down, night cardiac asthma, sweat with palpitations.
John Henry Clarke — A Dictionary of Practical Materia Medica (1900): substance background, cardiac–coronary sphere, dropsy, modalities (warm room <, cool air >), female heart.
Richard Hughes — A Cyclopædia of Drug Pathogenesy (1891–95) & Manual of Pharmacodynamics (1894): pharmacology of convallatoxin; cardio-gastric reflex; toxicology parallels.
William Boericke — Pocket Manual of Homœopathic Materia Medica (1906): keynotes—dilated heart, weak irregular pulse, orthopnœa, dropsy; practical hints.
C. M. Boger — Synoptic Key of the Materia Medica (1915): modalities—exertion <, close room <, air >; dropsical and venous themes; relationships.
E. A. Farrington — Clinical Materia Medica (1887): comparisons—Digitalis, Cactus, Spigelia, Arsenicum, Apocynum, Crataegus; guidance in angina and cardiac asthma.
James Tyler Kent — Lectures on Materia Medica (1905): miasmatic colouring; emotional triggers (fright, grief, joy) in heart disease; general analysis.
W. A. Dewey — Practical Homœopathic Therapeutics (1901): regimen—after-meal rules, window-air; dietary cautions (alcohol/coffee/tobacco).
Adolph von Lippe — Text-Book of Materia Medica (1866): early clinical notes—dyspnœa on exertion, evening aggravations, rest posture (confirmatory).
E. B. Nash — Leaders in Homœopathic Therapeutics (1899): concise leadership—effort dyspnœa, orthopnœa picture; bedside distinctions from Digitalis/Cactus.
H. C. Allen — Keynotes and Characteristics (1898): brief heart keynotes—intermissions, epigastric sinking, exertion <.
Margaret Lucy Tyler — Homoeopathic Drug Pictures (1942): bedside pictures—open-window amelioration; pregnancy heart pointers; practical management notes.