Lyssinum

Prepared from the saliva of a rabid dog and potentised as a nosode, Lyssinum (Hydrophobinum) embodies the toxicological picture of human and animal rabies: extreme hyperaesthesia to external stimuli (light, sound, air), spasms of the throat and respiratory tract on attempting to swallow liquids, mental terror and irritability, sexually coloured agitation, and tendencies to convulsion and biting [Hering], [Allen], [Clarke]. Classical authors record that the crude poison induces a medullary–bulbar irritation with spasmodic dysphagia, aerophobia, hydrophobia, reflex excitability to the mere sight or sound of water, profuse saliva with inability to swallow, and furious alternations with silent gloom [Hughes], [Allen]. The nosode is made by trituration or by a sterile alcoholic tincture and subsequent potentisation; its sphere is extended clinically to chronic sequelae of bites, post-traumatic neuroses, obsessive states with water/air triggers, and certain genito-urinary irritations with violent sexual excitement [Clarke], [Boericke], [Boger].

No full Hahnemannian proving. Pathogenesis is largely [Toxicology] from human and veterinary hydrophobia, with fragmentary provings and extensive [Clinical] confirmations collected by Hering, Allen, Clarke, and later Boericke: terror of water and shining objects, spasms of fauces on attempting to swallow, furious and biting impulses, hyperaesthesia to currents of air, barking cough, salivation with inability to swallow, urinary and sexual irritations, convulsions from sudden stimuli, and sleeplessness with dreadful dreams [Hering], [Allen], [Clarke], [Boericke], [Boger].

Lyssinum is the nosode of reflex dread—a human picture magnetised around water and air. At its core stands a medullary syndrome: throat spasm on any attempt to swallow liquids, while solids go better; the very sight or sound of running water—even the idea of it—shoots a shiver down the spine, arrests inspiration, and fires a barking cough. Around this core circles a psyche of suspicion and rage: the subject is overstrung, jealous, mortally offended at trifles, and liable to bite (speech or act). After the explosion comes a fall into gloom and self-reproach, then again the string is tightened; it is a syphilitic tempo of destruction-then-remorse [Hering], [Kent], [Clarke]. Sensory gates are unguarded: light glitters, sounds snap, odours sting, a draught on throat is a blow—so the remedy demands quiet and darkness, heat to the neck, slow movements, gentle voices. The family likeness shows in subsidiary spheres: the larynx barks at air, the bladder squirms and dribbles to the sound of pouring, the genitals flame into sexual excitability, and old bite scars wake to itch or burn—a top to toe reflex overdrive [Allen], [Boericke], [Boger].

The modalities knit the whole: worse from water (sight, sound, touch), draughts, bright/shining objects, sudden noise, emotional heat, coition, and night; better in quiet darkness, dry warm air with throat protected, gentle pressure (sometimes), warm sips and slow measured movements. This pattern separates Lyss. from sister nightshades: Stramonium is volcanic but can drink; Hyoscyamus jests obscenely without hydrophobic reflex; Belladonna throbs hot but is not ruled by water. From the urinary group, Cantharis burns outwardly, while Lyss. burns inwardly as a shock-reflex that water triggers. Direction of cure is highly readable: the imagination of water ceases to hurt; the sight becomes indifferent; the sound of pouring no longer forces the bladder or throat; the bark is gone; the patient sips warm fluid without fear; night dreams of dogs and drowning dissolve; the scar is quiet. In chronic states following bites, fright, or violent contradictions, Lyss. often breaks the neuro-reflex loop if prescribed on this triad: (1) liquids impossible vs solids, (2) over-reactive senses to water/light/air, (3) biting cruelty ↔ remorse with sexual irritability—and on the modal frame of worse stimuli, better quiet darkness and warmth to throat [Hering], [Clarke], [Kent], [Boericke].

• Bulbar centres and cranial nerves (IX, X, XII)—spasmodic dysphagia, liquids impossible, saliva flows yet cannot be swallowed; breath of others or draft over throat excites spasms (see Throat/Respiration) [Hering], [Allen], [Clarke].
• Cortex–limbic sphere—paroxysms of terror, suspicion, biting impulses, dread of water and shining objects, alternating rage and gloom (see Mind) [Hering], [Kent], [Clarke].
• Reflex arc & sensory hyperaesthesia—explosive reactions to light, sound, odours, sound of running water, or current of air; startles into spasm or convulsion (see Generalities/Respiration) [Allen], [Boger].
• Larynx–trachea—barking, hoarse cough; laryngeal spasm from air draught or attempting to drink (see Chest/Respiration) [Clarke], [Boericke].
• Genito-urinary mucosa—violent sexual excitement, urethral burning, frequent urging, dribbling from reflex irritation; enuresis aggravated by sound of water (see Male/Female/Urinary) [H. C. Allen], [Clarke].
• Skin and scar tissue—old bite scars itch, burn, or shoot; hyperaesthetic skin, touch brings spasms (see Skin) [Hering], [Boericke].
• Cardio-vascular autonomics—palpitation with hot flushes during spasms; pulse quick, irritable (see Heart/Generalities) [Boger], [Clarke].
• Gastro-intestinal—retching on sight of liquids; nausea from smell of water or bright objects; spasmodic vomiting fits (see Stomach) [Allen], [Clarke].
• Sleep–dream axis—dreadful dreams of black dogs, water, pursuit; wakes in terror, throat stiff, cannot swallow (see Sleep/Dreams) [Hering], [Clarke].
• Psychosexual channel—nymphomania/priapism-like drive with irritability and biting speech; remorse and despair afterwards (see Mind/Male/Female) [H. C. Allen], [Kent].

The mental state is a tense polarity of terror and rage: fear of water, of shining objects, and of the breath or approach of others, with a violent irritability that explodes into biting words or even biting acts; then remorse and gloom follow—this exactly tallies with the aggravations from sight/sound of water and from emotions already noted [Hering], [Kent], [Clarke]. Suspicion is acute; he believes others conspire against him, resents contradiction beyond proportion, and is jealous without cause (Mind ↔ Modalities: emotions aggravate) [Kent]. His senses are overstrung: a slight noise, a glint of light, a faint current of air may hurl him into a reflex shudder or spasm; conversely, quiet and darkness soothe (Mind ↔ Generalities) [Allen], [Boger]. Thoughts race compulsively around water—cannot bear to think of drinking; if forced he dreads choking. Speech may be rapid, biting, or suddenly bark-like, with staccato utterances when the throat jerks (Mind ↔ Throat/Respiration). There is sexual colouring: lascivious thoughts intrude with irritability, and after excitement the nervous storm redoubles (Mind ↔ Male/Female) [H. C. Allen]. A characteristic cruelty appears—desire to hurt, to bite—alternating with repentant tenderness, a cruel–penitent rhythm peculiar here compared with Hyos. or Stram. [Clarke], [Kent]. Children fear shiny things, water in a basin, or the sound of pouring and will scream if splashed; a mini-case: a boy with nightly barking outcries and frantic dread of the bath cured by Lyss., his fear and throat spasm vanishing with sleep restored [Clarke].

Sleep is blocked by fearful ideas—water, black dogs, suffocation; if he dozes a spasm jerks him awake—this tallies with the night aggravation and the quiet/dark amelioration already noted [Hering], [Clarke]. Children cry out, bark, or bite at bedclothes. When sleep holds, the morning brings relative calm if guarded from stimuli.

Of dogs, biting, pursuit, drowning, dark water; awakens choking with stiff throat (Dreams ↔ Throat/Mind) [Hering], [Clarke]. Dreams leave a residue of suspicion and snapping temper.

Lyssinum is the reflex-storm nosode: a subject overstrung to all stimuli—especially water and air. Cardinal are: (1) spasmodic dysphagia, liquids impossible, solids comparatively easy; (2) hyperaesthesia to sight/sound of running water, bright/shining objects, draughts, breath of others; (3) mental polarity of terror, suspicion, rage with biting impulse; (4) barking cough and laryngeal spasm from air; (5) genito-urinary irritation with sexual excitement and burning urging; and (6) old bite scars that react [Hering], [Allen], [Clarke], [Boericke], [Boger]. Coherent modalities govern the whole: worse from water in any form, bright light, sudden noise, draughts, touch of neck, emotions, coition, night; better in quiet darkness, heat to throat, gentle pressure (in some), slow movement, dry air, warm sips by spoon, and slight perspiration. Differentiate from Stramonium (furious fear of water but thirstless delirium, less throat polarity), Hyoscyamus (obscene mania without hydrophobic reflex), Belladonna (hot congestion, photophobia, but not the water-triggered choking), and Cantharis (genito-urinary fires, not water-spasm keynote). Direction of cure is legible: the patient first tolerates the idea of water, then the sight, then small warm sips; the bark-cough fades, biting speech softens, sleep returns without dog-dreams, and the scar grows quiet.

Paroxysmal heat with dry skin and trembling; then sweat with collapse-like weakness. Fever is less a steady temperature than a neuro-vascular storm triggered by stimuli (Fever ↔ Generalities) [Boger], [Clarke].

Chill on slightest draught (aerophobia), then hot flush, then sweat; the series may be cut short by absolute quiet and warmth to the throat (Chill/Heat/Sweat ↔ Modalities) [Hering], [Clarke].

Head suffers from sensory shocks: flashes of light or glitter set up a vertex thrill; strong odours or sudden noises bring a rush to head with heat and throbbing, better in darkness and quiet (Head ↔ Modalities) [Boger], [Clarke]. There is a peculiar occipito-nuchal tension, as though the scalp drew tight to the neck; turning brings a shudder. Headache follows attempts to swallow, the effort sending painful waves upwards (Head ↔ Throat) [Allen]. Vertigo arises at sight of moving water or mirrored light; the room sways and the throat contracts sympathetically. Mind-exertion aggravates the hot head; he lapses into spasmodic yawning with jaw stiffness. The scalp is sensitive to a draught; even the breath of others on the head is intolerable (Head ↔ Generalities) [Hering].

Shining objects, mirrors, or the glancing sun sting the eye and shock the whole nervous system; the lids quiver, pupils alter, and a shiver passes down the spine (Eyes ↔ Back) [Hering], [Clarke]. Photophobia is moral as well as physical—he cannot bear to see water, and the mere sight sets up a throat spasm. Lachrymation may be scant though the eye feels dry and irritable; he looks away, seeks shadow, which tallies with the better-for quiet/dark room [Allen]. Some observers note dilated pupils, wild staring look during paroxysms; between attacks the gaze is wary and suspicious (Eyes ↔ Mind). Reading of flowing script or moving images aggravates.

Hearing is painfully acute; running water sounds like a roar; a small clink is a blow—hyperacusis that couples to reflex throat spasm (Ears ↔ Throat/Generalities) [Hering], [Clarke]. Tinnitus may accompany heart-throb during terrors; covering the ears and lying still in the dark helps.

Smell officious; faint odours nauseate or trigger a shudder. Epistaxis is rare; dryness with frequent snuffing predominates. The odour of water (freshness) may be imagined and sets the jaw; a curious sensory association is classic here [Clarke].

Face flushed in spasms, then pale with sweat; expression anxious, aggressive, or wary. Lips tremble at thought of drinking; foam or stringy saliva may be seen yet cannot be swallowed (Face ↔ Mouth/Throat) [Allen]. The skin around old scars becomes sensitive during storms (Face ↔ Skin).

Saliva increases but deglutition fails; he spits constantly, angry that he cannot swallow—keynote concordant with the worse-for liquids and better-for warm sips via spoon [Allen], [Clarke]. Tongue stiff, speech jerks or barks. Taste perverted; water tastes dreadful or metallic. Teeth meet involuntarily with a snap on startle; desire to bite objects is recorded [Hering].

Grinding and snapping in spasms; jaw seems to lock momentarily. Toothache excited by currents of air or by the attempt to drink; hot applications soothe (Teeth ↔ Modalities) [Boericke].

The pathognomonic sphere: spasm of fauces—liquids impossible, solids pass with comparative ease; the mere sight or sound of water, the draught of air, or the breath of others across the fauces brings on choking and inspiratory arrest (Throat ↔ Modalities) [Hering], [Allen], [Clarke]. Touch to the neck aggravates in most, yet in some, firm pressure or a scarf steadies the reflex—an important polarity to note (tallies with the Better-for pressure item) [Clarke]. The patient longs to drink yet dares not; when urged he becomes furious or despairing. Warm sips by spoon sometimes succeed. Throat feels raw, contracted; laryngeal cough barks on a puff of air (Throat ↔ Respiration).

Barking, hoarse cough from a slight current of air; cannot bear air to touch chest or throat—covering helps (Chest ↔ Modalities) [Clarke], [Boericke]. Oppression with gulping, as if the glottis would shut. Voice breaks into yelps or snarls in paroxysm.

Palpitation with heat and trembling at the least sensory shock; pulse quick, irritable; anxiety rises with any attempt to drink (Heart ↔ Mind/Throat) [Boger], [Clarke]. Stool or urine urging may relieve the precordial oppression a little. No organic valvular picture; it is a neuro-cardiac irritability.

Breath arrested by the idea of swallowing or by a draught; must wait till the spasm passes before air flows again (Respiration ↔ Throat/Modalities) [Hering]. Air hunger in hot close rooms; better in dry, quiet air. Inspiratory “catch” on seeing water.

Nausea and retching, worse at the mere thought of fluids, better if left in peace; smell of water or bright metallic odours provoke (Stomach ↔ Mind/Ears) [Allen], [Clarke]. Thirst intense yet dreaded; gnawing epigastric emptiness in intervals. Spasmodic vomiting fits when a swallow is attempted, followed by trembling and sweat (Stomach ↔ Generalities).

Crampy flutter about umbilicus during throat spasm; abdominal wall twitching from sudden noises. Wind rolls with each attempt to swallow; frightful urging passes quickly after the paroxysm. Liver and spleen show no keynote changes in the classical texts.

Tenesmus from reflex excitation; stool difficult unless left alone; after excitement a loose stool may occur with prostration [Clarke]. Anal sphincter irritable; sudden noises bring a thrill and desire to go.

Irritable bladder: frequent urging, burning in urethra, dribbling and strangury-like spasms; sound of running water excites desire and aggravates urging—an exact echo of the general modalities (Urinary ↔ Mind/Generalities) [H. C. Allen], [Clarke]. Enuresis in children who dread the bath; better when washing is done quickly without letting them hear the tap.

Thirst intense yet dreads drinking; liquids provoke spasm; solids pass comparatively well; warm sips by spoon sometimes tolerated (Food ↔ Throat) [Allen], [Clarke]. Aversion to the sight of water exceeds true aversion to drinking; smell or thought may suffice to excite. Alcohol, coffee, and spices provoke neuro-irritability (Food ↔ Generalities) [Kent].

Violent sexual excitement, erections with irritability and biting temper, followed by remorse and weakness (Male ↔ Mind) [H. C. Allen], [Kent]. Burning at meatus; semen thin and frequent emissions after erotic thoughts. After coition the throat–bladder irritability magnifies (links to Worse after sexual excitement).

Nervous nymphomania; vulvar irritation with biting temper; spasmodic pelvic aching during menses; menses aggravate reflex excitability (Female ↔ Mind/Generalities) [Clarke]. Aversion to washing genital parts because water sight provokes horror. Breast tenderness in storms.

Shudder runs down spine on a flash of light or sight of water; nape and occiput stiffen; a chill–thrill pathognomonic (Back ↔ Eyes) [Hering], [Clarke]. Lumbar muscles twitch on startle.

Trembling; sudden tonic thrills into hands; fists clench involuntarily on noise or glitter; tendency to snap or bite what is in reach (Extremities ↔ Mind) [Allen]. Feet cold during terror; afterwards sweat.

Hyperaesthetic; cannot bear touch or current of air; old bite scars itch, burn, or shoot with weather and emotion—often a guiding symptom (Skin ↔ Modalities) [Hering], [Boericke]. Scratching gives no relief; change of colour around scars has been noted. Perspiration cold in spasms.

• Aetiology—Bites/trauma/sequelae
  • Ledum: puncture wounds cold, puffy, better cold; no hydrophobic reflex; Lyss. when scar hyperaesthesia and water-trigger persist [Boger], [Clarke].
  • Hypericum: nerve-rich wounds with shooting pains; not water/air-trigger; Lyss. for reflex storms after bites [Clarke], [Boericke].
• Mind—Fury, fear, biting, suspicion
  • Stramonium: furious, loquacious, fear of dark/water; drinks greedily when allowed; Lyss. liquids impossible, biting impulse more specific [Kent], [Clarke].
  • Hyoscyamus: obscene, jealous, comedic mania; lacks hydrophobic reflex and scar keynote [Kent].
  • Belladonna: hot, congestive delirium; photophobia, throat sensitive to touch, but water is not the governing trigger [Hughes], [Clarke].
• Keynotes—Hydrophobia/aerophobia
  • Aconite: panic with thirst; can drink; Lyss. cannot swallow liquids, triggers from sights/sounds [Kent], [Boger].
  • Opium: insensibility or terror without reflex throat spasm; Lyss. excitable with explosive reflex [Clarke].
• Organ affinity—Throat/larynx
  • Lachesis: throat sensitive, worse touch/pressure, liquids escape through nose; not governed by sight/sound of water; Lyss. has liquid–solid polarity [Hering], [Clarke].
  • Cactus: constrictive band at heart; less throat hydrophobia; Lyss. for glottic spasm to air draught [Boger].
• Genito-urinary—Burning, urging, sexual excitement
  • Cantharis: intense burning, tenesmus, erotic mania; drinks cause pain but not from the sight of water; Lyss. more reflex–neurologic [H. C. Allen], [Clarke].
  • Nux-v.: irritable bladder from stimulants; not air/water-trigger; Lyss. if sound of water causes urgent flow [Kent].
• Modalities—Light/sound/air
  • Agaricus: twitchings from bright light; merry delirium; Lyss. grim, fearful, biting, throat-polarity [Boger].
  • Hepar-s.: extreme sensitivity to drafts, wants to be wrapped; no hydrophobic keynote; Lyss. has water/air reflex [Boericke].
• Sleep/Dreams—Dogs, pursuit
  • Stramonium: night terrors, animals, fear of dark; drinks; Lyss. adds water-triggered choking and biting impulse [Kent], [Clarke].
  • Cuprum: convulsions at night; less mental cruelty; Lyss. convulses from sensory shock [Hering].

• Complementary: Belladonna—both hyperaesthetic and spasmodic; Bell. cools congestive delirium; Lyss. removes water/air reflex residue [Kent], [Clarke].
• Complementary: Hypericum—after nerve wounds when reflex storms (water-trigger) persist [Boericke].
• Complementary: Cantharis—genito-urinary burning with sexual fury; Canth. for vesical fires; Lyss. for reflex hydrophobia overlay [H. C. Allen].
• Follows well: Aconite—panic layer removed; Lyss. addresses specific hydrophobic reflex [Kent].
• Follows well: Ledum—after puncture/bite once tissue quiet, but scar and neuro-reflex persist [Boger].
• Precedes well: Stramonium—if nocturnal terrors remain without water-triggers [Kent].
• Related: Lach., Hyos., Agar., Hepar., Nux-v., Opium, Cupr.—see differentials for boundaries.
• Antidotes (states): Quiet, darkness, warmth to throat, slow approach; medicinally Bell. or Acon. may meet acute storms; Canth. for bladder fires [Clarke], [Kent].
• Inimicals: None classically fixed; avoid alternation without a new totality [Boger], [Kent].

• Hydrophobia-type dysphagia—liquids excite spasm, solids tolerated; paroxysms from sight/sound of water: Lyss. 200C–1M single dose in constitutional cases; in acutes 30C repeated cautiously; strict stimulus-minimising regimen [Hering], [Clarke], [Kent].
• Enuresis/urgency from sound of running water; child dreads bath, barks at night: Lyss. 30C at bedtime for several nights, then space; avoid letting child hear water filling [Clarke], [Boericke].
• Old bite scars painful, itching, weather/tension-sensitive; nervous storms with aerophobia: Lyss. 200C at intervals, compare Led., Hyper. for tissue phase [Hering], [Boericke].
• Sexual irritability with urinary burning and snapping temper—worse after coition, worse stimuli: Lyss. 30C–200C; compare Canth., Nux-v. [H. C. Allen], [Clarke].

Mind

• Fear and horror of water; cannot bear to think of it—keynote selection [Hering], [Clarke].
• Impulse to bite; cruelty alternating with remorse—characteristic polarity [Hering], [Kent].
• Suspicion; jealousy; contradiction intolerable—mental trigger set [Kent].
• Anger from trifles; biting speech; then gloom—tempo rubric [Clarke].
• Startled by slight noise; oversensitive to stimuli—reflex excitability [Boger].
• Better in quiet darkness, worse presence/breath of others—environmental rubrics [Hering], [Clarke].

Head

• Headache after attempting to swallow; waves upward—throat–head link [Allen].
• Occipito-nuchal tension; shudder down spine from glitter—signature thrill [Hering].
• Heat and throbbing in warm, close rooms; better dark/quiet—modal match [Clarke].
• Vertigo at sight of running water—specific trigger [Clarke].
• Scalp sensitive to draught; breath on head intolerable—aerophobia [Hering].
• Jaw snaps on startle—masseter reflex [Allen].

Eyes

• Photophobia to glitter/shining objects; mirror aggravates—provoker rubric [Hering], [Clarke].
• Staring, dilated pupils in paroxysms—objective sign [Allen].
• Looks away from water; cannot watch pouring—behavioural cue [Clarke].
• Lids quiver at light; reflex shiver—sensorimotor link [Hering].
• Reading moving text aggravates; seeks shadow—practical tip [Allen].
• Better dark room—confirmatory [Clarke].

Throat

• Liquids impossible; solids comparatively easy—pathognomonic [Hering], [Allen], [Clarke].
• Spasm from sight/sound of water; draught on throat; breath of others—cluster trigger [Hering].
• Worse touch/pressure to neck; in some better from firm scarf—polarity notice [Clarke].
• Constant spitting; cannot swallow own saliva—keynote [Allen].
• Constriction with barking cough on air puff—laryngeal link [Clarke].
• Warm sips by spoon tolerated—bedside tip [Clarke].

Respiration/Chest

• Inspiration arrested by attempt to drink—glottic spasm [Hering].
• Barking cough from draught/air movement—signature [Clarke], [Boericke].
• Oppression with gulping; voice yelps/breaks—clinical picture [Clarke].
• Worse bright light/noise; better quiet warmth to throat—modality weave [Boger].
• Must move slowly; sudden motion provokes cough—behavioural rubric [Allen].
• Dry air better than damp close room—environment [Boger].

Urinary/Genital

• Urging from sound of running water—peculiar keynote [Clarke].
• Burning urethra; dribbling; reflex strangury—sphere [H. C. Allen].
• Enuresis with dread of bath; worse night—paediatric pointer [Clarke].
• Sexual excitement violent; worse after coition—psychosexual rubric [H. C. Allen].
• Genital itch with biting temper—modal colouring [Clarke].
• Irritability of bladder with aerophobia—cross-link [Clarke].

Skin

• Old bite scars itch, burn, shoot; weather/emotion sensitive—guiding symptom [Hering], [Boericke].
• Skin hyperaesthetic to air currents—touch/air rubric [Hering].
• Cold clammy sweat in paroxysms—autonomic sign [Clarke].
• Discolouration around scars—minor objective [Boericke].
• Scratching aggravates; nervous itch—counter-intuitive [Clarke].
• Better after slight perspiration—confirming [Clarke].

Generalities

• Worse: water (sight/sound/touch), draughts, bright light, sudden noise, emotions, coition, night—master set [Hering], [Allen], [Clarke], [Boger].
• Better: quiet darkness, warmth to throat, slow movement, warm sips by spoon, gentle pressure (some), dry air, slight perspiration—amelioration set [Clarke], [Boericke].
• Reflex storms from stimuli; move slowly—behavioural [Allen].
• Hyperaesthesia global; bulbar–laryngeal focus—pathophysiology [Hughes].
• Shock after bites/trauma—etiologic tag [Hering].
• Alternation cruelty ↔ remorse; bark ↔ whisper—polarity cue [Kent], [Clarke].

Hering, C. — The Guiding Symptoms of Our Materia Medica (1879–1891): toxicology/clinical confirmations—hydrophobia, aerophobia, biting impulse, throat spasm.
Allen, T. F. — Encyclopaedia of Pure Materia Medica (1874–1879): collated toxicology and provings—dysphagia to liquids, sensory hyperaesthesia, dreams.
Clarke, J. H. — A Dictionary of Practical Materia Medica (1900): full remedy portrait; modalities (water/air/light), genito-urinary and scar notes; relationships.
Boericke, W. — Pocket Manual of Homeopathic Materia Medica (1901): keynotes—hydrophobia, barking cough, old bite scars; management hints.
Boger, C. M. — Synoptic Key of the Materia Medica (1915): generalities—hyper-reactivity to stimuli, environment, relationships.
Hughes, R. — A Manual of Pharmacodynamics (late 19th c.): toxicological basis of rabies symptomatology; bulbar physiology.
Kent, J. T. — Lectures on Homeopathic Materia Medica (1905): mental picture—suspicion, jealousy, biting; comparisons with Bell., Stram., Hyos.
Allen, H. C. — Keynotes and Characteristics with Comparisons (1898): genito-urinary irritability, sexual excitement, modalities.
Farrington, E. A. — Clinical Materia Medica (1890): differentiations within delirious and spasmodic remedies.
Nash, E. B. — Leaders in Homeopathic Therapeutics (1899): practical pointers in neurotic and reflex states.
Dewey, W. A. — Practical Homeopathic Therapeutics (early 20th c.): clinical management of spasmodic dysphagia and urinary reflex states.
Tyler, M. L. — Homeopathic Drug Pictures (20th c.): vignettes—child with bath-dread; bark-cough; stimulus handling.
Morrison, R. — Desktop Guide to Keynotes and Confirmatory Symptoms (late 20th c.): concise keynotes—liquids vs solids; water/air triggers; biting impulse.
Vithoulkas, G. — Materia Medica Viva (late 20th c.): essence-level synthesis—reflex sensitivity, cruelty–remorse polarity (used cautiously after classical sources).