Fraxinus americana

The White Ash (Fraxinus americana, Oleaceae) is a large North American tree; its inner bark yields a bitter, mildly astringent tincture containing tannins and related bitters employed traditionally as a tonic and antiperiodic in rural American practice [Hughes], [Clarke]. In crude use the bark was valued for “female complaints,” lax uterine supports, and after-pains—a folk observation echoed in homœopathic experience. Our remedy is prepared from the fresh inner bark/twig-bark; the pathogenesis is chiefly clinical, fixing an affinity for the uterus and its ligaments—fibroids (myomata), subinvolution, prolapse, enlarged tender uterus with weight and bearing-down, left ovarian pains, and menorrhagia/ metrorrhagia—together with reflex lumbosacral weakness and vesical pressure symptoms [Boericke], [Clarke], [Allen]. The astringent–tonic signature plausibly underlies the “supporting” effect upon pelvic tissues, while the vascular element explains the relief often experienced when bleeding becomes free, and the tendency to clots in fibroid states [Hughes], [Farrington].

No extensive Hahnemannian proving. Knowledge arises from fragmentary provings collated by Allen, and a large body of American clinical experience (Hale’s “new remedies”), later compiled by Clarke and condensed by Boericke: uterus enlarged, subinvoluted or fibroid; prolapse with bearing-down “as if everything would come out;” left ovarian pain to groin and down the thigh; menorrhagia/metrorrhagia with clots; vesical irritation from uterine pressure; sacral backache; relief by recumbency and support; aggravation from standing, walking and jar [Allen] [Proving], [Clarke] [Clinical], [Boericke] [Clinical], [Hughes].

Fraxinus americana is the remedy of the heavy uterus. Its essence is mechanical: a large, subinvoluted or fibroid womb hangs upon lax ligaments, drags down the sacrum, presses upon bladder and rectum, and bleeds—often dark and clotty. The woman is improved by recumbency and support; she avoids standing, walking, stairs, and above all jar. She will say, “I must lie down; if I go about it feels as if everything would come out.” The left ovary often declares itself by dragging pains to groin and down the thigh, worse before menses and on jar; and each cycle shows the vascular law: the head, chest and pelvis feel full until the flow is free; the freer it runs, the better she feels. This is not Sepia’s internal aversion and exercise-amelioration, nor Lilium’s moral tumult and restless pacing: Fraxinus is quiet, mechanical–vascular, a body whose weight and bulk have out-run its supports [Clarke], [Boericke], [Farrington].

Thermal and dietary notes are simple: close warmth and hot, spiced meals heighten flushing and fulness; cool air and light fare steady the pulse [Hughes]. The reflexes are consistent: the back feels “broken” at the sacrum until the pelvis is held; the bladder and rectum protest until emptied; the head ceases its pressure when the uterine outlet does its work. The practitioner’s tests are practical. The Binder Test: many will show immediate improvement when the pelvis is supported. The Bed Test: recumbency in the afternoon removes the worst weight; renewed standing brings it back. The Flow Test: the worst head and chest oppression subside when the bleeding runs freely; clot-retention renews cramp and faintness until clots are passed. When these tests are answered “yes,” and especially when a postpartum story of subinvolution or a middle-life history of fibroids stands behind, Fraxinus earns precedence before the constitutional remedy.

Sequencing often runs: Bellis perennis (trauma/soreness) → Fraxinus (bulk/bearing-down + clotty flooding) → Sepia/Helonias (residual atony and constitutional state). In crises of gushing bright flow, Trillium may be interposed; if the picture shifts to bright arterial bleeding with thyroidic heat, Ferrum iodatum may supersede; if purple congestion with exalted desire colours the case, Murex is nearer. Dosing is guided by mechanics: low to mid potencies (ϕ/3x–6x or 6C) for daily management of subinvolution and pressure symptoms; 30C–200C when the keynote triad (bulk + bearing-down + clotty flooding with left ovarian drag) is clear and the organism reactive [Boericke], [Dewey]. Repeat by need—often around the cycle or after over-exertion—and space as the woman can be up without weight and as nocturnal flooding ceases. Adjunctive measures should copy the modalities: pelvic support; rest in recumbency at day’s fall; avoid jar and stairs; loosen waistbands; cool, airy rooms; and a light unspiced diet. Under these laws the “heavy uterus” learns lightness.

• Uterus — enlargement (subinvolution, myoma), prolapse, bearing-down, weight in pelvis; uterus feels “as big as a child’s head;” persistent uterine tenderness; see Female/Back. [Clarke], [Boericke].
• Ovaries (L > R) — aching, dragging, or sharp pains from left ovary to groin and down thigh, worse motion/jar; ovarian cysts noted clinically; see Abdomen/Female. [Clarke], [Allen].
• Pelvic ligaments & floor — laxity with downward pressure, worse standing/walking; better by support/recumbency; see Back/Female/Generalities. [Boericke], [Farrington].
• Blood vessels of pelvis — menorrhagia/metrorrhagia, usually dark with clots in fibroid states; relief as flow becomes free; see Female/Fever. [Clarke], [Phatak].
• Bladder & urethra (by pressure) — frequency, sense of weight upon bladder, tenesmus secondary to uterine bulk; see Urinary. [Boericke], [Allen].
• Lumbosacral spine — dull, dragging sacral ache with pelvic weight; must lie down; see Back/Generalities. [Clarke], [Boger].
• Rectum (congestive) — piles, pressure at stool with prolapse tendencies in pelvic engorgement; see Rectum. [Phatak], [Clarke].

The mental state is secondary and tethered to pelvic weight. She is fretful and anxious about “falling out” of the womb; dreads standing or walking lest the dragging return; the mood brightens as soon as she lies down and supports the pelvis—this mirrors the modalities (better recumbency/support) already noted [Clarke], [Boericke]. Irritability about household duties arises from lumbosacral weakness; the least jar or step-down makes her wince and withdraw from activity (Back link). Sexual feeling is dulled by soreness; coitus is dreaded for the next-day ache (Female). Before menses she is restless, with a sense of pelvic heat and fulness that drives her to loosen the clothing (Abdomen/Female). Fear of flooding accompanies exertion when fibroids are present; she becomes cautious and “mechanical,” avoiding stairs and jars (Generalities). If asked, she will say that thought of long standing causes discouragement; yet once recumbent she is calm and hopeful—proof of the mechanical aetiology. There is no depth of alienation such as in Sepia; the mood depends upon weight and bleeding, not a constitutional aversion to family [Kent], [Farrington]. Anxiety subsides rapidly when the flow becomes free or the uterus feels “held up” (Female/Fever). Sleep deprivation from night flooding breeds peevishness; this clears when the night passes without haemorrhage (Sleep/Female). The key psychology is somatic: a mind overtired by the body’s load.

Broken by pelvic pains, frequent urination, and anxiety about flooding. Finds the best rest lying on the back with hips elevated or with a binder—recapitulating the “better by support/recumbency” modality [Clarke], [Boericke]. Dreams of falling or searching for a place to lie down; dreads early rising to stand for chores (Mind link). If the night passes without haemorrhage, she wakes refreshed; if flooding persisted, she is faint and fretful. Catnaps in the day relieve the head when the flow is free; otherwise the mind is dull.

Dreams of miscarriage, of holding up the womb, of climbing stairs and failing; of dark blood and relief when a stream flows—symbolic of the remedy’s mechanics and vascular hinge [Clinical], [Clarke].

Fraxinus is a mechanical–vascular uterine remedy. Three chords define it: (1) a large, heavy uterus—subinvoluted or fibroid—with prolapse and bearing-down as if everything would come out, worse standing/walking/jar/stairs, better by recumbency and mechanical support; (2) left ovarian dragging/stitches to groin and down thigh, worse before menses and by jar; (3) menorrhagia or metrorrhagia—often dark and clotted—with relief as the flow becomes free. Vesical and rectal pressures are satellites; the back says “broken” at the sacrum and begs to lie down—anatomy, not temperament, runs the case [Clarke], [Boericke], [Allen]. The temperament is not Sepia’s alienated coldness; when the pelvis is supported or she lies down she is herself. Compare Sepia (bearing-down but < better from hard exercise and with marked mental indifference), Lilium tigrinum (pelvic engorgement with sexual/moral tumult and restless walking), Murex (exaltation of desire with purple congestion), Trillium (bright gushing haemorrhage with faintness), Sabina (early, painful, bright bleeding to sacrum), Thlaspi (recurrent intermenstrual clots), and Ferrum iodatum (fibroid flooding with bright blood and thyroidic heat) [Farrington], [Clarke], [Boericke]. The pace is chronic with crises at ovulation and the menses; management must mirror modalities: recumbency, pelvic support, avoidance of jar and tight bands, cool air, and a light diet.

No specific pyrexia. Flushes of heat with pelvic engorgement in fibroid women, worse warm rooms; thirst for small cool sips; relief when the uterine flow is free—a persistent law (Female/Generalities) [Clarke], [Hughes].

Chilliness after flooding; heat in close rooms with faintness; slight perspiration with weakness on ascending; cool air desired (Generalities). Night-sweat follows heavy losses in anaemic subjects.

Headache is congestive and sympathetic with the pelvis: a frontal pressure and flushed face before the menses, subsiding when the flow is established (Female hinge) [Clarke]. Heat of head in close rooms and faintness on standing occur in women with large fibroids; relief is prompt in cool air and recumbency (Generalities). Occipital ache appears after a day of standing housework, easing when the sacrum is supported (Back). If free epistaxis relieves, think Ferrum-iod.; in Fraxinus the pelvic outlet, not the nose, is the valve. A sense of “full head” accompanies clotty flow; when clots pass, the head lightens (Female). No flashing photophobia belongs here; the head is a barometer of uterine engorgement.

Fullness and heaviness of lids during pelvic engorgement; black spots on standing in warm rooms; better lying down—reflex circulatory signs rather than an ocular disease [Clarke]. Lachrymation is not corrosive; conjunctival congestion may attend flushes. If exophthalmic signs with throbbing neck predominate, Ferrum iodatum outranks.

Singing and rush in ears during flooding, with pallor and faintness when upright; clears when recumbent (Generalities). No suppurative history.

No special coryza. Bleeding from nose does not characterise; if epistaxis replaces uterine flow, individualise (Ferr-iod., Phosph.).

Pale with greenish tint in chronic flooding—“chlorotic” yet warm to flush; lip trembles after a jar (Female) [Clarke], [Boericke]. Expression of fatigue softens when she lies down and the weight is lifted (Generalities).

Dry mouth on standing in warm rooms; thirst for small cool sips during flushes; taste flat after a flooding night (Fever/Generalities). No special aphthæ.

No leading odontalgia. Toothache may attend menses in anaemic subjects but is accidental.

Globus with pelvic congestion, worse before menses; tight collars intolerable in warm rooms; easing as flow becomes free (Female/Generalities). Voice weak after floods—a fatigue rather than laryngitis.

Oppression and palpitation on mounting stairs in anaemic fibroid women; better resting flat; cold air steadies (Generalities). Cough jars the pelvis and renews bearing-down (Female echo). No specific bronchial catarrh.

Soft, quick pulse during flushes and flooding; faintness on standing; recumbency and fresh air restore (Generalities). No constriction band as in Cactus. Palpitations are reactive to blood-loss and effort.

Short breath in warm rooms during congestion; desire for air; sighing relieves; open window better—an echo of congestion relief (Generalities).

Nausea at onset of the menses when flow is impeded by clots; passes as clots are expelled—echo of “better when discharge is free” [Clarke]. Aversion to hot, spiced food in flushy women; desire for light fare. Faintness on standing in kitchens, relieved by sitting or lying (Generalities).

Hypogastrium heavy and full; the uterus feels huge, “as big as a child’s head,” pressing on bladder and rectum; worse standing, walking, jar; better lying and by a binder—mechanical keynotes (Female cross-link) [Clarke], [Boericke]. Left iliac/ovarian pain shoots to groin and down thigh; worse before menses and with ovulation; walking on stairs renews it (Female). Tight clothing and corsets aggravate; loosening bands gives notable relief (Modal echo). Flatus heightens pressure; relief follows stool (Rectum). Abdomen tender to touch in fibroid women; cold compresses soothe temporarily (Female).

Constipation from pressure; stool difficult though not dry; piles sore and congested during the period; relief follows evacuation—mirror of the pressure law [Phatak], [Clarke]. Prolapse tendency with straining in women with prolapsed uteri; sitting after stool gives comfort. Burning at anus if the leucorrhœa is acrid is incidental; not a Kreosotum picture.

Frequency and urging from uterine bulk; must pass urine often, especially when standing; better after sitting or lying—classic pressure-sign [Boericke], [Clarke]. Tenesmus vesicæ in late day after housework; urine otherwise normal. If backache is worse before urination and relieved after, Eupatorium purpureum suits; in Fraxinus the backache follows pelvic weight rather than bladder repletion.

Aversion to heavy, spiced meals that increase pelvic fulness; desire for light, cool fare during flushes; alcohol intensifies head/flush and brings on flooding in fibroid women—regimen to avoid [Hughes], [Clarke].

Seldom required. A dragging in perinæum with bladder urging in elderly men is occasionally noted in those with pelvic congestion; but Fraxinus is fundamentally a female pelvic remedy [Boericke], [Clarke].

The centre of the drug. Uterus enlarged—subinvoluted after labour or miscarriage, or fibroid; prolapse with bearing-down as if everything would come out; worse standing, walking, jar, and stairs; better recumbency and support [Clarke], [Boericke]. Menorrhagia/ metrorrhagia, often dark with clots; flooding renewed by exertion; relief as flow becomes free (Female/Fever echo) [Clarke], [Phatak]. Left ovarian pain radiates to groin and down thigh; worse before menses and on jar; may alternate with dragging sacral ache (Abdomen/Back). Vesical pressure and rectal heaviness are constant satellites. Leucorrhœa may be present, non-corrosive, increased with exertion. After-pains and postpartum soreness persist with subinvolution; a binder and recumbency, with Fraxinus, restore tone [Boericke]. Compare Sepia (bearing-down but mind indifferent and better vigorous exercise), Lilium tigrinum (pelvic congestion with sexual/moral unrest), Murex (exalted desire, purple congestion) [Farrington], Trillium (gushing bright flooding with faintness), Sabina (early violent uterine haemorrhage with sacral pains), and Thlaspi (repeated intermenstrual flooding with clots). Fraxinus is mechanical–vascular: heavy, bulky, clotty.

Lumbosacral dragging and weakness, “as if broken,” closely tied to pelvic weight; worse standing and after housework; better lying and by support—a cardinal hinge [Clarke], [Boger]. Sacro-iliac strain on lifting children; jar aggravates. A warm pad comforts but does not replace support. Pain may alternate with left ovarian dragging (Female).

Thighs ache and feel heavy with pelvic load; left thigh especially during ovarian pains; knees tremble on stairs; better sitting or lying (Female link). Ankles swell after prolonged standing in flooding women; recumbency and flow reduce oedema.

Sallow in chronic flooding; no destructive eruptions belong here. Pruritus vulvæ is secondary to congestion, not a keynote; if intense acrid pruritus dominates, Kreosotum or Eupion are truer [Clarke].

Aetiology: Post-partum subinvolution / prolapse

• Bellis perennis — pelvic trauma, soreness after labour with cool-bathing craving; less fibroid bulk; Frax-am. when enlargement/subinvolution and bearing-down predominate [Clarke], [Farrington].
• Sepia — prolapse with mental indifference, better from vigorous exercise; Frax-am. is mechanical, better by recumbency/support [Kent], [Farrington].
• Helonias — uterine atony with tiredness better when occupied; less bulky uterus; Frax-am. when weight and size are key [Dewey], [Boericke].

Fibroids / flooding

• Trillium pendulum — bright, gushing menorrhagia with syncope; Frax-am. more clotty, dark and bulk-pressure [Clarke], [Farrington].
• Sabina — bright bleeding with violent sacral pains; earlier miscarriage threat; Frax-am. is chronic fibroid–bulk with jar-agg. [Boger], [Boericke].
• Thlaspi bursa-pastoris — repeated intermenstrual clots; uterine colic; Frax-am. when size/bearing-down lead [Clarke].
• Ferrum iodatum — fibroid flooding with bright blood, thyroid flushes, hot-room intolerance; Frax-am. is quieter, more purely mechanical [Clarke], [Boericke].

Bearing-down / pelvic engorgement

• Lilium tigrinum — bearing-down with sexual/moral unrest and restless motion; Frax-am. wants rest/support [Farrington].
• Murex — bearing-down with exalted desire and purple congestion; Frax-am. sore, heavy, not exalted [Clarke].
• Eupion — bearing-down with acrid leucorrhœa and nodular breasts; Frax-am. more uterine bulk than acridity [Boericke], [Clarke].

Left ovarian pain

• Lachesis — left ovary congested, worse after sleep, throat intolerance of pressure; mental loquacity; Frax-am. lacks these mental/neck traits [Kent].
• Apis — stinging ovarian pains, oedema, better cold; Frax-am. pains are dragging, jar-agg., support-amel. [Boericke].

Pressure on bladder/rectum

• Sepia — vesical/rectal pressure with prolapse but mental picture decisive; Frax-am. mechanical, clotty; binder + lying test separates [Kent], [Clarke].

• Complementary: Sepia — constitutional backbone for pelvic laxity; Frax-am. when bulk and bearing-down dominate mechanically [Kent], [Clarke].
• Complementary: Helonias — atony and pelvic fatigue remain after Frax-am. reduces weight/size symptoms [Dewey], [Boericke].
• Complementary: Trillium — for acute gushing haemorrhage episodes within a Frax-am. case [Farrington].
• Follows well: Bellis perennis — after pelvic trauma/childbed strain; Frax-am. for residual subinvolution with bearing-down [Clarke].
• Follows well: Hamamelis — venous oozing checked; Frax-am. for bulk-pressure and clotty flow [Clarke], [Boericke].
• Precedes well: Calcarea carbonica / Calcarea fluorica — for constitutional tendency to fibroid growths and fibrous thickening once acute mechanics calm [Boger], [Clarke].
• Related: Sabina, Thlaspi, Trillium, Ferr-iod., Helonias, Lilium-t., Murex, Sepia (see Differentials).
• Antidotes: Nux/Camphor for medicinal over-action (classical) [Allen], [Kent].
• Inimicals: none recorded; avoid alternation among close pelvic congeners without fresh indication [Boger].

• Subinvolution with prolapse, bearing-down, sacral “broken” feeling, worse standing/walking, better binder + recumbency ⇒ Frax-am. 6Ci.d.; taper as day-standing becomes possible [Boericke], [Clarke].
• Fibroids with dark, clotty menorrhagia; head/chest pressure until flow is free; left ovarian drag—Frax-am. 30C–200C around menses; enforce rest/support [Clarke], [Farrington].
• Post-miscarriage weight with vesical frequency from uterine bulk—Frax-am. 6xi.d. a few days, then b.i.d.; binder day and night [Boericke].
• Stair-aggravated pelvic pains and “jar” stabs in the pelvis during menses—Frax-am. 30C prn plus regimen; compare Sepia/Lilium by mind/ameliorations [Farrington], [Kent].

Mind

• Anxiety about prolapse; dreads standing/walking lest “everything fall out” — mechanical fear guiding Frax. [Clarke].
• Irritability from pelvic weight; improves lying down — recumbency amelioration. [Boericke].
• Aversion to household exertion due to sacral weakness — aetiologic discouragement. [Clarke].
• Fear of flooding on exertion; cautious on stairs — vascular–mechanical. [Clarke].
• Better mental state from support/binder and free flow — the “tests.” [Clarke], [Farrington].
• No Sepia-like indifference; mood depends on mechanics — differential hint. [Kent], [Farrington].

Head

• Headache, frontal pressure before menses, better when flow free — uterine–head hinge. [Clarke].
• Faintness and head heat in warm rooms; better cool air and recumbency — thermal/mechanical. [Hughes].
• Occipital ache after standing housework; better lying with support to pelvis — reflex. [Clarke].
• Head feels full during clot retention; lightens when clots pass — clot-law. [Clarke].
• Vertigo on standing in flooding women; better lying — vascular. [Boericke].
• Collar tightness intolerable during congestion — pressure sign. [Clarke].

Female

• Uterus enlarged (subinvolution/myoma); prolapse; bearing-down as if everything would come out — master rubric. [Clarke], [Boericke].
• Menorrhagia/metrorrhagia, dark with clots; better when flow free — key haemorrhage. [Clarke], [Phatak].
• Left ovarian pain to groin/down thigh; worse jar, walking, stairs — lateralising sign. [Clarke], [Allen].
• Vesical/rectal pressure from uterine bulk; frequency with standing — mechanical satellites. [Boericke].
• After-pains and subinvolution post-partum — aetiology rubric. [Boericke].
• Coitus aggravates uterine soreness; dread from next-day ache — clinical nuance. [Clarke].

Back / Generalities

• Back, small of, broken/dragging, worse standing/walking; better recumbency/support — spinal hinge. [Clarke], [Boger].
• Worse jar, stairs; better lying with hips elevated — modalities. [Clarke].
• Loosening tight bands ameliorates — mechanical cue. [Clarke].
• Weakness after flooding; faint on standing in warm rooms — vascular–thermal. [Hughes].
• Gentle rest after exertion relieves — pragmatic. [Boericke].
• Relief after stool/urination (pressure off pelvis) — drainage aid. [Boger].

Urinary / Rectum

• Bladder, pressure from enlarged uterus; frequency esp. standing; better sitting/lying — pressure law. [Boericke], [Clarke].
• Tenesmus vesicæ at day’s end after housework — fatigue sign. [Clarke].
• Rectum, piles congested during menses; pressure at stool; better after evacuation — pelvic engorgement. [Phatak].
• Constipation from uterine pressure; stool not especially dry — mechanical. [Clarke].
• Urging to urinate with left ovarian pains — reflex. [Allen].
• Burning anus with menses is incidental, not keynote — differential guard. [Clarke].

Abdomen

• Hypogastric weight and fulness; uterus “as big as a child’s head” — descriptive keynote. [Clarke].
• Tight clothing/corsets aggravate; loosening bands relieves — mechanical rubric. [Clarke].
• Pain at left iliac region before menses; jar/stairs renew — lateral/mechanical. [Clarke].
• Abdomen tender in fibroid states; cold compress palliates — bedside note. [Clarke].
• Flatulence increases pressure; better after stool — drainage law. [Boger].
• Ovulation (mid-cycle) rekindles left ovarian drag — timing. [Allen].

Generalities

• Worse standing, walking, jar, stairs; better recumbency/support — grand general. [Clarke], [Boericke].
• Relief when discharges are free (menses/clots) — outlet law. [Clarke], [Farrington].
• Warm crowded rooms aggravate; cool air relieves — thermal. [Hughes].
• Post-partum and post-miscarriage aggravations — aetiology. [Boericke].
• Household exertion renews pelvic weight — occupational rubric. [Clarke].
• Left-sided ovarian trend in a uterine-bulk case — lateralising note. [Allen], [Clarke].

Allen, T. F. — Encyclopædia of Pure Materia Medica (1874–79): fragments and clinical notes—left ovarian pains to groin/thigh; menstrual timing; pressure symptoms.
Boericke, W. — Pocket Manual of Homœopathic Materia Medica (1901): keynotes—subinvolution, fibroids, prolapse, bearing-down; vesical pressure; modalities (recumbency/support vs. jar/stairs).
Boger, C. M. — Synoptic Key of the Materia Medica (1915): general synthesis and drainage hinges (relief after stool/urination); miasmatic notes for fibroid states.
Clarke, J. H. — A Dictionary of Practical Materia Medica (1900): substance background; clinical picture—enlarged uterus “as big as a child’s head,” prolapse, clotty haemorrhage, left ovarian drag; mechanical modalities.
Farrington, E. A. — Clinical Materia Medica (1887): comparative study of pelvic remedies—Sepia, Lilium, Murex, Trillium, Sabina; mechanical vs. moral/mental distinctions.
Hering, C. — The Guiding Symptoms of Our Materia Medica (1879): confirmations in uterine displacement, menorrhagia, and postpartum subinvolution (collated cases).
Hughes, R. — A Manual of Pharmacodynamics (1870): pharmacologic background; tonic/astringent bark; regimen notes (heat, stimulants) in pelvic congestion.
Kent, J. T. — Lectures on Homœopathic Materia Medica (1905): constitutional contrasts—Sepia vs. mechanical pelvic remedies; miasmatic colouring.
Phatak, S. R. — Materia Medica of Homoeopathic Medicines (1977): concise keynotes—clotty menorrhagia, rectal/vesical pressure from uterine bulk, relief by discharge.
Nash, E. B. — Leaders in Homœopathic Therapeutics (1899): remarks on uterine haemorrhage leaders and fibroid states; bedside tests.
Dewey, W. A. — Practical Homœopathic Therapeutics (1901): postpartum subinvolution management and dosing; sequencing with Helonias/Trillium.
Tyler, M. L. — Homœopathic Drug Pictures (1942): portraits of the “heavy uterus” patient; binder test; comparisons with Sepia and Lilium.