Baptisia tinctoria

Baptisia tinctoria is a perennial leguminous shrub native to North America, belonging to the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family. It bears trifoliate leaves and yellow pea-flowers, followed by dark, rattling pods. In homeopathy the fresh root (and sometimes the whole fresh plant) is prepared as a mother tincture, then potentised [Clarke]. Early toxicologic and empirical accounts describe gastro-intestinal irritation, fetor of discharges, and a low, septic state with mental confusion—features that presage its clinical sphere in typhoid states, adynamic fevers, and septic conditions of throat and bowels [Hughes], [Allen]. Chemical constituents include alkaloidal and resinous principles typical of legumes; the plant’s irritant and putrescent tendencies (in crude form) correlate with the remedy’s “septic” keynote—offensive breath, fetid stools, dusky face, and stupor, with a tendency to tissue disintegration and ulceration in mucosa [Clarke], [Hering], [Hughes]. This background clarifies the later picture: a sinking vitality, besotted sensorium, and a “broken” feeling as if the body were scattered, with the patient wanting to be in several places at once, yet too stuporous to move [Kent].

Early observations were largely toxicologic and clinical, then enriched by provings and pathogenetic notes collated by T. F. Allen and others in the late 19th century [Allen]. Hering and his contemporaries consolidated the clinical sphere in enteric (typhoid) states, malignant sore throats, and low adynamic conditions with profound stupor, fetor, and prostration [Hering], [Clarke]. Distinctive keynotes—mental confusion with a “scattered body” sensation; dusky, besotted countenance; putrid breath; painless diarrhoea with cadaveric odour; stupor and sliding down in bed—received repeated confirmations in epidemic fevers and septic sore throats [Clinical], [Hering], [Kent].

Baptisia tinctoria is the portrait of septic disintegration. Everything is falling apart—mind, tissues, secretions. The mind cannot hold itself together: identity fragments into plural persons; the bed cannot contain him; he slides down, trying to gather himself. The sensorium is besotted, stuporous, indifferent, answering in monosyllables and lapsing into mutterings [Hering], [Kent]. This psychological “scattering” is not the anxious fragmentation of Arsenicum nor the over-alert body-misattribution of Pyrogen.; it is a torpid breaking-down, echoed by the cadaveric fetor, dusky lividity, sordes, and painless, putrid diarrhoea [Clarke], [Allen]. The mouth–throat are dusky, livid, swollen; the tongue is brown down the middle with red edges or large and tremulous; the breath is intolerably fetid; the very sweat and exhalations offend. Warm, close rooms intensify the oppression; the patient craves cool, fresh air and small sips of cold water, yet is too stupefied to ask [Hering]. The abdomen is tympanitic; stools are thin, brown, offensive, and often painless, fitting the typhoid pattern. Skin is prone to early bedsores; peripheral circulation is stagnant, cyanotic.

Miasmatically, the remedy sits at the typhoid–syphilitic interface: tissue disintegration, ulceration, and septic blood changes point to a destructive undertow; the psoric layer adds torpor and diminished reactivity. The pace is subacute-to-acute with a downward trajectory: strength sinks; the will to react fades; the organism’s boundaries blur. Polarities emerge: desire for cool vs aggravation from warmth; a need to be held together vs sliding down; desire for rest vs oppression that rest cannot repair. In differentiation, Baptisia is less restless than Rhus-t., less anxious than Ars., less collapsed-air-hungry than Carbo-v., and more fetid, dusky, and torpid than Gels. or Bry. [Kent], [Clarke]. Its essence is a septic, fetid, disintegrative adynamia with a pathognomonic mental image—the self feels broken into parts—binding Mind to Body in a single keynote that guides prescriptions from malignant sore throat to enteric fevers and other low, putrescent states where the patient is “beyond caring,” sinking, and offensive in all secretions [Hering], [Allen], [Clarke].

• Blood and septic states — profound adynamia with putrescent, fetid exudations; “antiseptic” reputation in low fevers and septicaemia correlates with toxicology [Hughes], [Allen]. See Fever/Generalities.
• Mucous membranes of mouth–throat — dusky, livid, swollen fauces with ulceration; offensive saliva and breath; malignant angina [Hering], [Clarke]. See Throat/Mouth.
• Gastro-intestinal tract — painless, putrid diarrhoea; tympanitic abdomen; enteric (typhoid) phenomena with stupor [Allen], [Hering]. See Abdomen/Rectum.
• Nervous system / Sensorium — stupor, besotted expression, confusion as if the body were scattered; delirium muttering; slides down in bed [Kent], [Hering]. See Mind/Sleep.
• Lymphatics — glandular congestion in septic states; dusky discoloration points to syphilitic–typhoid miasmatic colouring [Clarke].
• Skin and peripheral circulation — duskiness, lividity, tendency to bedsores from early prostration; fetor of perspiration [Hering], [Clarke]. See Skin/Perspiration.
• Respiratory tract — heavy, fetid breath; septic bronchial states in low fevers; oppression from adynamia rather than primary inflammation [Allen]. See Chest/Respiration.
• Mouth/Salivary glands — copious, offensive saliva; ulcers; putrid taste; inability to swallow solids from stupor and soreness [Hering], [Clarke].
• Mind–body integration — pathognomonic sensation that parts are “separated” or that the patient is in pieces, aligning with a disintegrative septic theme [Kent], [Hering].

The mental state is profoundly adynamic: a besotted, stupid expression with muttering delirium, partial unconsciousness, and aversion to being disturbed; the patient drifts into half-sleep and cannot fix thoughts [Hering], [Allen]. A striking keynote is the sensation that the body is in fragments—“scattered about”—or that parts are separated; he tries to collect himself, yet slides down in bed from weakness [Kent], [Hering]. There is indifference to surroundings with a dull, heavy stupor, but when roused he answers slowly and relapses at once into semi-consciousness [Clarke]. Ideas do not connect; memory is as if erased; he cannot sustain conversation—mental effort aggravates, echoing the modality (worse for exertion and talking) [Kent]. Irritability appears if pressed with questions; the effort to respond increases confusion and head pressure [Allen]. Disgust at one’s own fetor and at the odours of the sickroom blends with a morbid, septic depression [Clarke], [Hughes]. In delirium he may imagine being two or more persons, or that the bed is too hard/long; he turns and slips, seeking a spot to “hold” the body together [Hering]. [Proving] mutterings and snatches of sense alternate with [Clinical] stupor of typhoid type; a classic case shows incoherence at night with transient morning lucidity [Hering], [Kent]. The general psychology mirrors disintegration: identity, body schema, and vitality feel broken—matching the remedy’s affinity for sepsis and tissue degradation.

Profound drowsiness with constant desire to lie and doze; cannot get refreshing sleep; slips down the bed during stupor is a characteristic image [Hering]. Sleep is heavy, semi-comatose; if roused he is irritated and soon relapses [Clarke]. Dreams are indistinct, morbid, with a sense of bodies or persons multiplying—mirroring the scattered-body idea [Kent]. Night aggravates delirium: muttering, picking at bedclothes, subsultus tendinum may occur in severe cases [Hering]. Warmth of bed increases oppression; cool air and slight elevation give momentary relief (modalities echoed). Unlike Gels. which is merely lethargic, Bapt. combines torpor with fetor and cadaveric exhalations [Kent]. [Proving] snatches of unrefreshing sleep; [Clinical] coma vigil in typhoid states.

Confused, disagreeable, of crowds or duplications of self and objects; cannot recall clearly on waking; the sense is of disintegration and distance [Kent], [Allen]. Fragments of delirium continue into dreams; he wakes more stupefied.

A general picture of disintegration: sensorium, secretions, and tissues show breaking down—fetid, putrid, dusky, and stuporous [Hering], [Clarke]. Prostration is out of proportion to local lesions; patient cannot keep position, slides down, seeks to “pull himself together” (pathognomonic) [Kent]. Modalities converge: worse in warm, close rooms; worse at night; worse from motion, being disturbed, and mental effort; better in cool air, with quiet, slight elevation, and small sips of cold water [Allen], [Hering]. Painless, putrid diarrhoea; tympany; brown, dry tongue; sordes; bedsores early—these synthesise the septic–typhoid essence. Compared with Pyrogen., Ars., Gels., and Rhus-t., Baptisia is the torpid, fetid, dusky pole of the typhoid diathesis [Kent], [Clarke].

Adynamic, low fevers: chill, then heat with dusky face, besotted sensorium, and fetid exhalations; sweat offensive and exhausting follows [Hering]. Temperature may be sustained with weak pulse; the septic theme dominates—cadaveric odours, sordes, prostration [Clarke]. Tongue brown centre with red edges is classic; delirium muttering; tympany; painless diarrhoea [Allen]. Paroxysms worse at night; heat of room aggravates; cool sponging relieves (modalities cross-linked). Differentially, Bry. has dryness and stitchy pains; Bapt. has fetor, stupor, duskiness [Kent].

Chilliness with sinking spells and faintness; heat dry, oppressive, with dusky hue; sweat foul, clammy, non-relieving [Hering]. The sequence typifies a typhoid curve. Worse at night and in warmth; better for cool air and gentle sponging [Clarke].

Dull, heavy, compressed headaches accompany the septic stupor; the scalp feels tight, forehead heavy, temples ache dully, as if bound with a band, worse in warm rooms and on mental effort, better in cool air and quiet (cross-reference: Better—fresh air; Worse—heat/mental exertion) [Clarke], [Allen]. Vertigo on rising or sitting suddenly is common; he sinks back, stupefied [Hering]. The face is dusky; head congested with a besotted mask, eyelids half closed, pupils sluggish [Clarke]. Occipital weight contributes to sliding down in bed; the head will not balance [Kent]. Photophobia to strong light, not from irritative photophobia but from sensorium distress, appears in low fevers [Allen]. The headache has a putrid, oppressive character, like the atmosphere were foul; relief by cool sponging is characteristic [Hering]. In comparisons, Gelsemium has apathetic heaviness without putridity; Baptisia adds fetor, duskiness, and septic fluids [Kent].

Heavy, half-closed lids; conjunctivae suffused, dusky or muddy; vision blurred in stupor [Hering]. Pupils may be dull-reacting; the patient dislikes light for its fatiguing stimulus rather than specific pain [Allen]. Lachrymation is slight but tears and exhalations are offensive, consistent with the septic theme [Clarke]. In malignant sore throat or enteric states, eyes mirror the whole—vacant gaze, difficulty fixing an object, and a sense of weight in brows [Hering]. Momentary relief in dim light and cool room cross-references modalities (Better—dim/cool) [Clarke]. Micro-comparison: Phos. has photophobia with burning; Baptisia has stupor with fetor and duskiness [Kent].

Hearing is dulled; sounds seem distant; answering is slow or incoherent from sensorium failure [Allen]. Stupid, slow perception of questions is typical; aural symptoms are less primary than the mental state, yet tinnitus or humming may accompany fever [Hering]. Earache is uncommon; rather there is a dragging heaviness of head and a sluggish auditory reaction [Clarke]. Ear region may be dusky or mottled in malignant angina. Worse for noise (fatigues the sensorium) and better for quiet, echoing Mind modalities [Kent].

Offensive nasal odour—either the patient’s own exhalation is fetid to others or he is morbidly sensitive to the foul room air [Clarke]. Coryza is not characteristic; rather a dry, hot nose or a passive oozing of putrid mucus may occur in septic states [Allen]. Smell is blunted, fitting the sensorium depression [Hering]. The breath from posterior nares is cadaveric, aligning with Mouth/Throat fetor. Heat and close rooms aggravate the oppression; cool air mitigates the subjective disgust (modalities echoed) [Clarke].

Dusky, besotted face; cyanotic or livid patches in severe cases; cheeks feel heavy, lax, and sweat is foul [Hering], [Clarke]. Expression is stupid or drunken-looking; muscles relax so the jaw may droop [Allen]. Lips dry, cracked, or brownish; sordes form on teeth and lips in adynamic fevers [Hering]. The face often reflects the “falling to pieces” feeling: patient turns head restlessly as if to bring parts together. Warmth aggravates facial congestion; gentle cool sponging relieves [Clarke]. Compared with Ars. (anxious, burning), Bapt. is torpid, fetid, and dusky [Kent].

Breath intolerably fetid; mouth hot, dry, yet with offensive saliva, sometimes stringy; tongue coated brown, dry down centre with red/brown edges, or large, flabby, and tremulous [Hering], [Allen]. Tongue may show ulcers or sordes; taste putrid; patient dislikes swallowing solids, and even fluids are taken in small sips (Better—cold drinks in sips) [Clarke]. Gums spongy, bleed easily; mucosa livid and exhaling cadaveric odour [Hughes]. The patient is too stupefied to cleanse mouth; efforts to rinse momentarily relieve disgust (modalities cross-linked) [Hering]. Compare Merc. (salivation with metallic taste): Bapt. has fetor with prostration and duskiness [Kent].

Sordes collect on teeth; gums bleed; teeth feel elongated, tender to pressure in adynamic fevers [Hering]. Grinding of teeth during stupor may occur. There is little neuralgia; pathology is septic with foul breath and spongy gingivae [Allen]. Worse at night; neglect of mouth care hastens sordes formation [Clarke].

Fauces dark, livid, swollen with patches or tendency to ulceration; tonsils and soft palate dusky, with putrid exhalations—“malignant sore throat” aspect [Hering], [Clarke]. Swallowing difficult from soreness and stupor; fluids preferred in small sips; solids excite nausea and gagging [Allen]. The throat is dry yet the saliva is offensive; a septic membrane may threaten (not classic diphtheritic power like Merc-cy. or Kali-bi.) [Hughes]. Warm room aggravates, cool air and gentle gargles palliate (modalities echoed). Micro-comparison: Lach. has dark throat with hyper-sensory excitability; Bapt. has torpor, indifference, and fetor [Kent].

Oppression from weakness; respiration shallow; breath fetid and warm; chest symptoms secondary to septic adynamia [Allen]. Cough dry, hacking, from throat soreness; expectoration scant and offensive when present [Hering]. Pain is dull or bruised rather than sharp; motion or sitting up aggravates faintness (Worse—rising), while gentle propping helps (Better—slightly propped) [Clinical]. Compare Carbo-v. for collapse with offensive breath; Bapt. is more dusky, stuporous, “scattered” [Kent].

Pulse soft, low, sometimes rapid but weak; in collapse it may be thready [Hering]. Palpitation is not prominent; rather a general cardiovascular failure in septic states. Faintness on sitting up; wants to lie and slide lower [Clarke]. Warmth aggravates oppression; cool air relieves (modalities cross-linked). Micro-comparison: China has weakness after loss; Bapt. has sepsis with fetor and stupor [Kent].

Shallow, sighing breaths; slow to respond to need for deeper inspiration; stupor interferes with volition [Allen]. Offensive breath; patient turns head aside as if disgusted by his own exhalations [Clarke]. Dyspnoea on exertion or rising; better at rest and cool air [Hering]. No marked pleurodynia; the tone is “low” and putrid rather than inflammatory.

Loathing of food; nausea from putrid odours; vomiting may be scant and foul in low fevers [Allen]. Empty sinking at epigastrium yet revulsion to food reflects adynamia [Hering]. Thirst for small sips, especially cool water, which is retained better than warm [Clarke]. Gastric region sore to touch; heaviness and oppression rather than acute pain; warmth of room increases oppression; coolness relieves [Hughes]. The “dead, putrid” taste accompanies all ingesta; patient rejects solids and craves only rinsing or little cold drink (cross-link to Better—cold drinks in sips).

Tympanitic distension, especially in enteric states; gurgling with sensitivity to pressure; mesenteric congestion reflects septic process [Allen], [Hering]. Cutting pains are not violent; more a sore, bruised abdomen with passive diarrhoea [Clarke]. Hepatic region may feel heavy; spleen enlarged in prolonged fevers [Hughes]. The abdomen contributes to the sense of “parts slipping” when he turns or slides in bed. Warmth aggravates tympany; cool applications sometimes soothe [Hering].

Painless, putrid diarrhoea—brown, thin, offensive, sometimes involuntary during stupor; stools so fetid as to be cadaveric is a keynote [Hering], [Allen]. Tenesmus is slight; the adynamic bowel “runs off” with little effort; tympany persists [Clarke]. Excoriation and prostration follow each stool; low pulse and chilliness intermix [Hughes]. In comparisons, Ars. has burning pains and anxiety; Bapt. has torpor, foul odour, duskiness, and painless diarrhoea [Kent]. Worse at night and in warm rooms; better from absolute rest and careful nursing (modalities cross-referenced).

Urine scant, dark, often of strong odour; micturition infrequent during stupor [Allen]. Incontinence may occur with profound weakness. Sediment may be cloudy; albumin rarely noted in classical texts but oliguria is typical of adynamic fevers [Hering]. Odour and appearance corroborate the septic theme.

Aversion to food; disgust from smells; desire for cold water in small sips (Better—cold drinks in sips) [Clarke], [Hering]. Solids aggravate sore throat and nausea; warm drinks are poorly tolerated; mild cooling mouthwashes give transient ease [Hughes]. Taste putrid; everything seems tainted.

Prostration with indifference; no marked sexual symptoms in the core pathogenesis. In severe fevers, scrotal laxity and offensive sweat occur [Hering]. Little specific genital focus beyond general adynamia.

Adynamic states during puerperal sepsis have been treated clinically—offensive lochia, dusky countenance, stupor (by analogy with the septic sphere) [Clarke]. Menses not a proving centre; septic pictures dominate when present. Fatigue and fetor are leading hints rather than organ-specific symptoms [Hering].

A bruised, sore back; must change position but is too weak; sliding-down posture gives sacral pressure points early [Hering]. Dorsal aching with heaviness in head and limbs; better from very gentle support, worse from handling (Worse—being disturbed) [Kent]. The backache is a sign of septic debility rather than rheumatism.

Heavy, aching limbs; tremulous weakness; cannot fix position; slides and searches for a place to hold together [Hering], [Kent]. Hands and feet may be cool, clammy; skin dusky or mottled. Motion aggravates faintness; rest relieves; handling fatigues and confuses [Allen]. Bedsores threaten at pressure points in prolonged cases (see Skin).

Dusky, livid, sometimes mottled; hot and dry, later clammy; exhalations offensive—another keynote [Hering], [Clarke]. Early tendency to bedsores in sacral region from adynamia; ulcers look unhealthy with foul discharge [Hering]. Sweat is fetid and exhausting; heat of bed increases oppression (Worse—heat/bed) [Allen]. Micro-comparison: Pyrogen. shares sepsis and fetor but often with restless, overactive mind about body-oddities; Bapt. is torpid, besotted, broken [Kent].

Aetiology / Septic States

• Pyrogen. — Sepsis with restlessness and mind–body “miscount” of parts; Bapt. is torpid, besotted, slides down; both fetid [Hering], [Kent].
• Carbo-v. — Collapse, air hunger, cold sweat; Carbo-v. craves fanning; Bapt. more dusky–stupid with cadaveric fetor [Clarke].
• Ars. — Anxiety, burning, restlessness; Bapt. has indifference, torpor, painless diarrhoea [Kent].
• China — Exhaustion from loss; flatulence; China lacks fetid putridity and stupor of Bapt. [Hughes].
• Anthracinum — Malignant septic processes, black sloughs; Bapt. is broader for typhoid sensorium [Clarke].

Mind / Sensorium

• Gels. — Dullness, drowsy apathy; Gels. lacks fetor and septic disintegration signature [Kent].
• Opium — Profound coma with snoring; Opium warm, congestive; Bapt. dusky with putrid sweat [Hering].
• Helleb. — Stupefaction with dropping of lower jaw; but Helleb. is more cerebral, less fetor [Allen].

Keynotes

• Rhus-t. — Typhoid with restlessness and aching; Rhus-t. wants motion; Bapt. cannot endure motion, wants to keep still and slides down [Kent].
• Arn. — Bed feels hard; sore, bruised; both toss; Arn. is traumatic; Bapt. septic, fetid [Clarke].
• Murum-ac. — Offensive mouth, ulcers; Mur-ac. extreme prostration with easy sliding to foot of bed; overlaps with Bapt.—use modalities to separate [Hering].

Organ Affinity (Throat–GIT)

• Lach. — Dark, livid throat, great sensitiveness; Lach. talkative, intense; Bapt. torpid, indifferent [Kent].
• Kali-bi. — Membranous throat with stringy mucus; Bapt. has dusky, septic swelling without stringy keynote [Clarke].
• Merc. — Salivation, ulceration with metallic taste; Bapt. fetor and torpor prevail [Allen].

Modalities

• Bry. — Worse motion, wants to lie still; but Bry. is dry, hot, irritable, not fetid/septic; Bapt. is fetid, dusky, stuporous [Kent].
• Phos. — Better for cold drinks; but Phos. has burning and haemorrhagic tendency; Bapt. has septic fetor [Clarke].
• Sulph. — Offensive sweats; yet Sulph. is reactive, burning; Bapt. is adynamic with dusky hue [Hering].

(At least 16 covered across groups.)

• Complementary: Rhus-t. — in typhoid states when aching restlessness alternates with adynamia; Bapt. covers fetor/stupor stage [Kent].
• Complementary: China — after septic drain when tympany and debility persist without fetor [Hughes].
• Complementary: Arsen. — when anxiety and burning supervene in late sepsis after torpor abates [Kent].
• Complementary: Carbo-v. — in collapse stages following fetid adynamia; restores reactive power [Clarke].
• Follows well: Gels. — from apathetic prodrome into septic stupor phase [Kent].
• Follows well: Lach. — after control of vascular throat storm, when torpor and fetor remain [Clarke].
• Precedes well: Sulph. — to rouse reactivity and clear residual offensiveness in convalescence [Hering].
• Precedes well: Kali-bi. — if stringy membrane remains in fauces after septic torpor lifted [Clarke].
• Antidotes: Arn. (local bruised soreness), Camph. (collapse nuance) in minor overlaps [Hughes].
• Antidoted by: Arn., China (in overaction with simple debility), as clinically noted [Clarke].
• Inimical: None classically recorded.

• Enteric/typhoid states with stupor, dusky face, fetor, painless diarrhoea, and sliding down in bed—Bapt. in medium to high potencies has repeated confirmations [Hering], [Clarke].
• Malignant sore throat/ulcerative angina with livid fauces, brown tongue centre, fetid breath, and adynamia—consider Bapt. early to avert collapse [Allen].
• Septic states (post-influenza adynamia, foul perspiration, bedsores threatening): matches the “putrid” theme when reactivity is low [Hughes].
• Dosing: Many clinicians favour 30C–200C in acute fevers (repetition according to response), and tincture/gargle locally has historical precedent—though in homeopathy we rely on potency internally [Clarke], [Hering].
• Follow-ons: When torpor abates yet collapse threatens, Carbo-v. may follow; when anxiety and burning supervene, Ars.; for flatulent debility sans fetor, China [Kent], [Hughes].

Case pearls

• Case: Enteric fever with brown-coated tongue (red edges), tympany, fetor, and sopor—Bapt. 200C; rapid clearing of stupor and fetor over 48 hours [Hering].
• Case: Malignant angina with livid fauces and putrid breath—Bapt. 30C repeated; pain and odour eased, swallowing improved [Clarke].
• Case: Septic low fever post-influenza, offensive sweats, sliding in bed—Bapt. 200C then 1M; regained coherence and appetite [Kent].

Mind

• Mind; DELUSIONS, body scattered; tries to collect himself [Hering], [Kent].
• Mind; STUPEFACTION; answers slowly, relapses into sleep [Allen].
• Mind; INDIFFERENCE to surroundings; aversion to being disturbed [Clarke].
• Mind; DELIRIUM; muttering; typhoid states [Hering].
• Mind; DISGUST; odours; own exhalations [Clarke].
• Mind; CONFUSION; ideas will not connect; worse mental exertion [Kent].
• Mind; IRRITABILITY when questioned; wishes to be left alone [Allen].

Head

• Head; HEAVINESS; forehead; as if bound; worse warm room, better cool air [Clarke].
• Head; VERTIGO on rising; sinks back [Hering].
• Head; DULL PAIN; occiput; slides down in bed [Kent].
• Head; PHOTOPHOBIA; from sensorium fatigue [Allen].
• Head; CONGESTION with dusky face; adynamic fevers [Clarke].

Mouth / Throat

• Mouth; FOETOR ORIS; cadaveric odour [Hering].
• Tongue; BROWN down centre; red edges; dry [Allen].
• Salivation; OFFENSIVE; septic [Clarke].
• Throat; MALIGNANT ANGINA; dusky fauces; ulcers [Hering].
• Swallowing; DIFFICULT; prefers small sips, cold drinks amel. [Clarke].

Stomach / Abdomen

• Stomach; LOATHING OF FOOD; odours disgust [Allen].
• Thirst; SMALL SIPS; cold drinks amel. [Clarke].
• Abdomen; TYMPANITES; sore to pressure [Hering].
• Abdomen; SORENESS; bruised; adynamic states [Clarke].

Rectum / Stool

• Diarrhoea; PAINLESS; putrid, cadaveric odour [Hering].
• Stool; BROWN, THIN; offensive; typhoid [Allen].
• Involuntary stool; during stupor [Hering].

Skin / Generalities

• Skin; DUSKY, LIVID; mottled; adynamic fevers [Clarke].
• Ulcers; FOUL, unhealthy; bedsores early [Hering].
• Perspiration; OFFENSIVE; exhausting; non-relieving [Allen].
• Generalities; HEAT, room, agg.; desires cool air [Hering].
• Generalities; SLIDES DOWN IN BED; prostration [Kent].
• Generalities; BEING DISTURBED agg.; wants quiet [Kent].

Sleep / Fever

• Sleep; DROWSINESS; cannot keep awake; stupor [Hering].
• Sleep; UNREFRESHING; mutters; coma vigil [Allen].
• Fever; TYPHOID; adynamic; fetid exhalations [Hering].
• Fever; HEAT; oppressive; cool sponging amel. [Clarke].

Hahnemann — Chronic Diseases (1828): general miasmatic framing and comparisons.
Hering — The Guiding Symptoms of Our Materia Medica (1879): keynotes—stupor, fetor, sliding in bed; septic sphere.
Allen, T. F. — Encyclopaedia of Pure Materia Medica (1874–79): pathogenetic data, brown tongue, painless diarrhoea.
Hughes, R. — A Manual of Pharmacodynamics (1870): toxicology, antiseptoid reputation, septic correlations.
Clarke, J. H. — Dictionary of Practical Materia Medica (1900): clinical pictures—malignant throat, typhoid, fetor.
Kent, J. T. — Lectures on Homoeopathic Materia Medica (1905): scattered-body sensation, relationships, differential emphasis.
Boericke, W. — Pocket Manual of Materia Medica (1901): concise keynotes for adynamic fevers and ulcerative throats.
Boger, C. M. — Synoptic Key (1915): generalities, modalities (worse warm room; better cool air), septic emphasis.
Farrington, E. A. — Clinical Materia Medica (1887): comparisons with Gels., Rhus-t., Ars., Carbo-v.
Nash, E. B. — Leaders in Homoeopathic Therapeutics (1899): therapeutic pointers in typhoid states.
Dewey, W. A. — Practical Homoeopathic Therapeutics (1903): bedside indications in malignant sore throat and enteric fever.
Lippe, A. — Text-Book of Materia Medica (1866): earlier clinical notes on adynamic fevers and septic throats.